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INVESTIGATION 
Of  the  Conditions  Governing  the  Choice  of  a  Proper 

Quality  Standard  for  Artificial  Gas 

with  Conclusion  and  Recommendation  of  the 

JOINT  COMMITTEE  ON  CALORIMETRY 

of  the 
PUBLIC  SERVICE  COMMISSION 

and 
GAS    CORPORATIONS 

in  the 

SECOND  PUBLIC  SERVICE  DISTRICT 
NEW  YORK  STATE 


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CONTENTS. 

Page 
Title  Page   1 

Joint  Committee's  Letter  Submitting  Its  Report  to  the  Commission....         5 
Report  of  Joint   Committee 7 

APPENDIX  A  15-19 

Origin  of  Investigation 15 

Organization   of   Committee 15 

Classification  of  Companies  Making  Tests — Table  2 16 

Definition  of  Heating  Value  of  Gas  (Footnote) 17 

Calorimetric  Tests,  Number  Reported  by  Each  Company,  Table  II. ..  18 

Photometric  Tests,  Number  Reported  by  Each  Company,  Table  III.  18 

20-41 

.......       20 

npany, 

20 

r  with 

ximum 

Errata  sheet  will  be  found  opposite  Page  94  Units 

22-39 

ie    and 
41 

42-60 

nating 

42 

Unenriched  Coal  Gas 42 

Recent  Development  in  Coal  Gas  Manufactured 44 

Coke   Oven  Gas 45 

Carburetted  "Water  Gas 46 

Effect  of  Distribution  on  the  Heating  and  Illuminating  Value 47 

Compression  and  Transmission  Tests  on  Enriched  Coke  Oven  Gas. .  54 
Laboratory   Experiments,    Compression    and   Freezing   Carburetted 

Water  Gas  56 

Heating  Value  Calculated  by  Analysis 56 

Comparison  of  Continuous  and  Intermittant  Operation 59 

Comparison  of  Efficiency  of  Open  Flame  and  Mantle  Burners 59 

APPENDIX  D   61-62 

Standards  in  Other  Places 61 

APPENDIX  E   63-67 

Calorimetry  63 

Photometry 65 

Instruments  Used  in  Investigation  and  Calibration  Work  of  Public 
Service  Commission 66 

Efficiencies  of  Calorimeters  Determined  by  Public  Service  Commission      67 

APPENDIX  F 69_81 

Reprint  of  Pamphlet,  "Calorimetric  Rules,  Regulations  and  Specifi- 
cations ' '  Used  During  Investigation 69 

APPENDIX  G   : 82-94 

Reprint    of    Pamphlet,    "Plan    of    Calorimetric    Investigation    and 
Explanation  of  Test  and  Report  Forms"  Used  During  Investigation       82 


M259795 


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CONTENTS. 

Page 

Title  Page   1 

Joint  Committee's  Letter  Submitting  Its  Report  to  the  Commission....         5 
Report  of  Joint   Committee 7 

APPENDIX  A  15-19 

Origin  of  Investigation 15 

Organization   of   Committee 15 

Classification  of  Companies  Making  Tests— Table  2 16 

Definition  of  Heating  Value  of  Gas  (Footnote) 17 

Calorimetric  Tests,  Number  Reported  by  Each  Company,  Table  II. ..  18 
Photometric  Tests,  Number  Reported  by  Each  Company,  Table  III.  18 

APPENDIX  B   20-41 

Tabulation  of  the  Results  of  the  Investigation 20 

Monthly  Averages  Heat  Units  and  Candle  Power  of  Each  Company, 

Table  P7 20 

Plant  Data  and  Graphical  Illustration  of  Table  IV.,  Together  with 
Average  Annual  Heat  Units  and  Candle  Power  and  Maximum 
and  Minimum  Variations  Occurring  Each  Month  in  Heat  Units 

and   Candle  Power 22-39 

Chart  Showing  Indefinite  Relation  Between  Heating  Value  and 
Illuminating  Value  in  Manufactured  Gas 41 

APPENDIX  C  42-60 

Manufacturing  and  Distribution  with  Reference  to  Illuminating 

Value  and  Heating  Value 42 

Unenriched  Coal  Gas 42 

Recent  Development  in  Coal  Gas  Manufactured 44 

Coke  Oven  Gas 45 

Carburetted  "Water  Gas 46 

Effect  of  Distribution  on  the  Heating  and  Illuminating  Value 47 

Compression  and  Transmission  Tests  on  Enriched  Coke  Oven  Gas . .  54 
Laboratory  Experiments,  Compression  and  Freezing  Carburetted 

Water  Gas  56 

Heating  Value  Calculated  by  Analysis 56 

Comparison  of  Continuous  and  Intermittant  Operation 59 

Comparison  of  Efficiency  of  Open  Flame  and  Mantle  Burners 59 

APPENDIX  D 61-62 

Standards  in  Other  Places 61 

APPENDIX  E   63-67 

Calorimetry   63 

Photometry 65 

Instruments  Used  in  Investigation  and  Calibration  Work  of  Public 

Service  Commission 66 

Efficiencies  of  Calorimeters  Determined  by  Public  Service  Commission      67 

APPENDIX  F 69-81 

Reprint  of  Pamphlet,  "Calorimetric  Rules,  Regulations  and  Specifi- 
cations" Used  During  Investigation 69 

APPENDIX  G   : 82-94 

Reprint  of  Pamphlet,  "Plan  of  Calorimetric  Investigation  and 
Explanation  of  Test  and  Report  Forms ' '  Used  During  Investigation  82 


M259795 


March  6,  1913. 
Honorable  F.  W.  STEVENS,  Chairman, 

Public  Service  Commission, 
Second  District, 

Albany,  New  York. 

Sir: 

On  December  8,  1909,  your  Honorable  Commission  issued  a  circular  to  cor- 
porations engaged  in  furnishing  or  distributing  coal  gas,  water  gas  and 
mixed  gas  within  your  jurisdiction,  and  appointed  February  1,  1910,  as  a 
date  for  conference  to  interchange  views  on  the  necessity  for  a  calorific 
standard  and  all  questions  necessary  and  incidental  thereto. 

On  February  1,  1910,  the  representatives  attending  appointed  a  committee 
to  co-operate  with  the  Commission  in  the  consideration  of  these  questions,  and 
thereupon  your  Honorable  Commission  appointed  representatives  to  meet  with 
this  Committee.  After  a  preliminary  meeting  on  the  same  date,  the  represen- 
tatives of  the  companies  and  of  the  Commission  organized  as  a  "Joint  Com- 
mittee on  Calorimetry. " 

Since  that  date  the  investigation  of  this  subject  has  continued  and  the 
history  of  the  work  and  matters  relating  thereto  will  be  found  in  the  report 
transmitted  herewith. 

In  accordance  with  our  instructions:  "If  there  is  anything  in  yoflr 
conclusion  that  requires  the  action  of  this  Commission  in  any  way,  we  shall 
expect  that  it  shall  be  reported  to  us,  and  we  will  take  it  into  consideration 
as  to  whether  it  is  the  proper  thing  for  the  Commission  to  do,"  we  would 
respectfully  direct  your  attention  to  paragraphs  12,  26,  35,  37  and  41,  of  the 
report  herewith. 

We  have  the  honor  to  be, 

Very  respectfully  yours, 

W.  R.  ADDICKS,  Chairman. 
T.  R.  BEAL, 
M.  J.  BRAYTON, 
H.  H.  CROWELL, 
J.  C.  DeLONG, 
A.  H.  ELLIOTT, 
J.  B.  KLUMPP, 
C.  F.  LEONARD, 
WM.  McCLELLAN, 
W.  T.  MORRIS, 
R.  M.  SEARLE, 
C.  H.  STONE, 
C.  H.  B.  CHAPIN,  Secretary. 


REPORT  OF  JOINT  COMMITTEE  ON  CALORIMETRY. 


1.  The  first  commercial  distribution  of  artificial  gas  for  illumination  was 
in  open  luminous  flames  and  quite  naturally  its  quality  was  stated  in  terms  of 
the  most  convenient  unit  at  hand — the  candle.     With  the  introduction  of  the 
much  more  efficient  mantle  burner,  and  the  increasing  use  of  heating  devices, 
the  heating  value  of  the  gas  became  important.    As  a  result,  scientific  men  in 
both  Europe  and  America  have  recognized  that  to  continue  the  use  of  the 
candle  power  (illuminating)  standard  was,  for  modern  conditions,  illogical  and 
unsatisfactory,  and  in  lieu  thereof  have  advocated  the  adoption  of  a  heat  unit 
standard.     More  than  four  years  ago  the  Public  Service  Commission  of  the 
Second  District  of  the  State  of  New  York  noted  the  trend  of  development,  and 
started  an  investigation  of  the  actual  conditions  existing  throughout  the  Second 
District.     This  led  to  the  appointment  of  a  Joint  Committee  on  Calorimetry, 
composed  of  representatives  of  the  Commission  and  of  the  Gas  Corporations  of 
the  State. 

2.  This  Committee,  after  three  years  of  continuous  research  and  investiga- 
tion, having  had  the  assistance  of  the  laboratories  of  the  Commission  and  of 
tests  made  at  sixteen  gas  plants  in  the  State,  and  the  results  of  numerous 
experiments  conducted  elsewhere  to  aid  it  in  its  conclusions,  now  makes  its 
report. 

3.  The  object  constantly  in  mind  has  been  the  selection  of  a  standard  for 
artificial  gas  which  will  enable  the  consumer  to  obtain  the  most  value  for  the 
least  money,  and  will  enable  the  Company  to  obtain  its  profit  at  the  smallest 
expense  to  the  consumer.    The  interests  of  the  consumer  and  the  Company  are 
one.    This  one  interest  demands  a  standard  which  will  fit  in  with  present  eco- 
nomic conditions,  which  will  permit  the  most  efficient  use  of  modern  invention 
and  which  will  conserve  resources  instead  of  wasting  them. 

4.  The  yielding  of  the  open  flame  burner,  the  only  device  requiring  the 
gas  to  have  an  illuminating  value,  is  the  first  reason  for  suggesting  a  standard 
based  on  the  heating  value.    The  mantle  burner  is  from  four  to  eight  times  as 
efficient  as  the  open  flame  burner,  and  its  use  reduces  the  cost  of  lighting  to 
the  consumer.    As  is  well  known,  the  light  is  obtained  by  heating  a  mantle  of 
rare  earths  to  incandescence.     The  gas  needs  only  heating  value  because  the 
burner  is  merely  a  heater  for  the  mantle. 

5.  As  in  all  heating  devices  the  burner  is  adjusted  so  that  the  gas  is  com- 
pletely burned  and  shows  a  blue  or  almost  colorless  flame.     Consumers,  if 
properly  informed,  would  substitute  mantle  burners  for  open  flames  in  prac- 
tically every  case.    In  addition  to  the  greater  economy  there  is  greater  safety 
in  many  cases  arid  more  effective  illumination  always. 

6.  In  addition  to  modern  gas  lighting  devices  which  require  heating  value 
only  in  the  gas,  there  is  a  rapidly  growing  demand  for  gas  for  cooking  and 
heating  purposes.     Artificial  gas  is  being  supplied  in  increased  amounts  for 
melting,   tempering,   metal   finishing,    drying,    gas   engines   and   hundreds   of 
other  industrial  uses.     Inventors  are  actively  at  work  designing  apparatus 
which   will   greatly   increase   this   use.      Heal   storage   furnaces   for   heating 
buildings  economically  with  gas  are  proposed.     Indeed  it  seems  to  be  true 
that  it  only  needs  the  design  of  proper  gas-using  apparatus  to  make  gas  the 
most  economic  means  of  transporting  the  heat  content  of  coal.     Under  such 


circumstances  to  give  artificial  gas  an  expensive  and  unnecessary  illuminat- 
ing value  is  illogical  and  indefensibly  wasteful. 

7.  The  illuminating  quality  in  gas,  which,  with  the  disappearance  of  the 
open  flame  burner  becomes  unnecessary,  may  become  a  costly  feature  if  it  must 
be  added  to  the  gas  by  a  special  process  of  enrichment.     This  enrichment  is 
usually  made  by  means  of  a  petroleum  oil  which  for  a  number  of  years  was 
worthless  for  anything  else  and  consequently  was  very  cheap.    But  the  enor- 
mous growth  in  the  demand  for  gasoline  for  automobiles  and  motor  boats  has 
stimulated  chemists  to  invent  processes  by  which  the  enriching  oils  hereto- 
fore used  by  gas  companies  can  be  turned  into  light  oils  suitable  for  internal 
combustion  engines. 

8.  Inventors  of  oil  engines  are  perfecting  their  devices  rapidly,  which 
results  in  much  more  extended  direct  use  of  oil  for  power  generation.     Oil 
used  in  this  way  commands  a  higher  price  than  when  used  for  gas  enrichment. 
The  United  States  and  other  governments  are  resorting  to  increased  use  of  oil 
fuel  for  war  vessels,  and  their  needs  are  so  paramount  that  price  is  not  a 
critical  factor.     (Reference:  "The  Production  of  Petroleum  in  1911,"  U.  S. 
Geological  Survey,  1912.) 

9.  This  sudden  demand  for  enriching  oil  products  by  the  people  for 
pleasure  and  industrial  purposes,  and  by  governments  for  power  purposes,  and 
the  consequent  rise  in  the  selling  prices,  has  within  a  year  increased  the  cost 
of  manufacturing  water  gas  from  10  to  15  cents  per  thousand  cubic  feet. 
In   addition   there    is    every    reason   to    believe    that    the    present   price    of 
oil  is  by  no  means  the  maximum,  so  that  cost  may  operate  in  the  future  to 
require  that  enrichment  be  kept  to  a  minimum.    It  was  the  presence  of  a  large 
and  cheap  supply  of  enriching  oil  that  made  water  gas  commercial  after  the 
manufacturing  apparatus  had  been  made  practical  from  1877  to  1882.     It  is 
probable  that  the  high  price  of  enriching  oils  will  make  carburetted  water  gas 
useful  chiefly  for  peak  demands  and  as  a  reserve  to  retort  gas  and  oven  gas, 
which  need  no  enrichment  if  heating  value  only  be  required. 

10.  The  present  rise  in  the  price  of  oil  would  result  in  a  condition  seriously 
affecting  the  price  of  gas  to  the  consumer  if  it  were  necessary  for  artificial  gas 
to 'continue  to  have  the  present  high  illuminating  value.     Fortunately  the 
availability  of  the  mantle  burner  modifies  the  seriousness  of  the  situation. 
It  may  be  argued  that  gas  oil  has  risen  in  price  before  and  afterward  dropped. 
It  must  be  added,  however,  that  the  price  never  returns  to  its  previous  low 
figure.    Moreover,  as  shown  above,  the  present  rise  is  due  to  plainly  apparent 
and  quite  natural  causes,   and  it  does   not   appear  that  these   causes   will 
abate  in  force. 

11.  In  passing  it  may  be  stated  that  water  gas  must  be  enriched  to  be 
practical  for  community  use.     Retort  gas   (so-called  "coal  gas")  has  ample 
heating  value  and  illuminating  value  to  be  distributed  without  enrichment  to 
the  community.    Run  of  oven  gas  (by-product  from  coke  ovens)  has  a  large 
heating  value  without  enrichment,  but  in  candle  power  is  materially  lower  than 
retort  gas. 

12.  It  should  also  be  noted  that  whatever  reasons  there  may  have  been 
in  the  past  for  different  standards  for  coal  gas,  mixed  gas  and  carburetted 
water  gas  (16,  18  and  20  candle  power  in  New  York  State,  Second  District), 
they  certainly  are  without  force  now,  and  only  one  standard  is  necessary  or 
desirable. 

13.  Mere  increased  cost,  though  important  and  almost  compelling,  is  not 
alone  the  cause  for  a  change  from  a  candle  power  to  a  heat  unit  standard.    As 
a  matter  of  fact,  when  this  Committee  was  appointed  this  feature  could  not 
have  been  in  any  degree  a  reason  for  changing  the  standard.     The  present 
standard  actually  retards  the  extension  of  gas  service  and  as  a  direct  conse- 
quence retards  the  development  of  communities. 

8 


14.  Present  development  in  gas  distribution  falls  into  two  classes — first, 
distribution  in  comparatively  densely  populated  large  territories  such  as  cities, 
with  closely  attached  suburbs;  and  second,  distribution  of  gas  from  one  large 
central  plant  to  a  number  of  more  or  less  distant  communities  with  intervening 
territory  in  which  there  is  little  or  no  demand  for  gas  supply.    In  either  case 
the  present  candle  power  standard  is  a  burden.     This  is  for  the  reason  that 
because    of   temperature    and    pressure    changes    and    friction    in    mains    a 
part  of  the  enrichment  added  to  a  gas  to  give  it  illuminating  power  drops 
out  during  transmission,  and  the  loss  becomes  more  and  more  serious  as  the 
distance   of  transmission  increases.     Higher  pressures  are  necessary  if  the 
gas  is  to  be  transmitted  economically  for  a  long  distance  and  it  is  impossible 
to  avoid  some  exposure  to  low  temperature.    As  a  result  either  the  gas  must 
be  given  excessive  candle  power  at  the  plant,  or  it  must  be  enriched  after 
transmission  so  that  the   gas   distributed  after  transmission  may  be   up  to 
standard.    In  'either  case  it  is  sometimes  difficult  to  make  the  operation  of  the 
system  satisfactory  and  the  cost  increases  to  an  amount  which  makes  such 
distribution  often  commercially  impracticable. 

15.  Within  single  areas  or  communities,  extension  of  service  is  possible 
so  far  as  the  present  law  is  concerned  which  requires  inspections  to  be  made 
about  a  mile  from  the  works.     This  does  not  mean,  however,  that  the  same 
quality  of  gas  can  be  supplied  economically  at  the  center  and  on' the  outskirts. 
The   company  undertaking  to  give  standard  service  at  all  points  must   of 
necessity  spend  much  more  on  its  manufacturing  and  distribution  cost  because 
the  average  candle  power  must  be  higher  in  order  to  make  up  the  loss. 

16.  In  the  case  of  one  large  central  plant  distributing  gas  to  a  number  of 
more  or  less  distant  and  separate  communities,  the  burden  is  especially  heavy, 
for  but  one  quality  of  gas  can  be  ordinarily  distributed  from  the  plant.    The 
long  distribution  system  with  its  higher  pressure  and  exposure  to  low  tem- 
perature entails  a  very  great  loss  in  candle  power  during  transmission.     In 
addition,  the  operation  is  likely  to  be  difficult,  because  the   enriching  oils 
which  condense  in  the  system  must  be  taken  care  of  in  larger  pipes,  traps 
and  other  devices  and  the  labor  cost  of  operation  is  increased  on  account  of 
the  maintenance  and  operation  of  these  extra  devices.     With  the  increased 
cost  of  enriching  oil  it  is  probable  that  such  extended  distributions  will  not 
be  possible  without  a  serious  increase  in  the  selling  price. 

17.  Too  small  a  community  cannot  support  a  gas  plant  of  its  own,  if 
first-class    service    is    to    be    given,    ample    financial    support    secured    and 
adequate  business  and   engineering  superintendence   supplied.     For   a   long 
time    the    same    conditions    obtained   in   the    supply    of    electricity   but    the 
problem  of  supplying  the  smaller  community  has  been  solved  by  the  develop- 
ment of  high-tension,  long-distance  transmission  of  power.     By  this  means 
any  number  of  small  communities  and  intervening  farm  territory   can   be 
served  from  one  large  central  station.     High-pressure  gas  distribution  bears 
the  same  relation  to  the  gas  industry  as  high-tension  transmission  bears  to 
the  electric  industry. 

18.  As  shown  later,  the  loss  in  heat  units  in  transmission  due  to  pressure 
or  low  temperature  is  very  much  less  than  the  loss  in  candle  power.    A  heat 
unit  standard  not  very  different  from  the  heat  unit  value  of  gas  at  present 
supplied  would  permit  gas  distribution  over  long  distances  under  pressure  at 
a  loss  which  would  be  in  no  sense  burdensome.    Such  a  result  would  permit, 
as  soon  as  development  could  take  place,  gas  service  to  many  small  villages 
and  towns  which  it  is  quite  impossible  to  supply  under  present  conditions. 

19.  A  further  reason  why  a  change  from  a  candle  power  standard  to  a 
heat  unit  standard  is  desirable  rests  on  a  broad  economic  policy.    Even  though 
oil  were  not  increasing  in  price  the  present  standard  spells  waste.     It  is  a 
waste  of  resources  and  it  is  wasteful  of  money.     Conservation  of  resources 


would  demand  that  there  should  be  no  unnecessary  resort  to  the  use  of  oil  for 
gas  enrichment.  It  is  wasteful  to  maintain  a  standard  beyond  what  is  re- 
quired for  efficiency  and  when  the  standard  means  an  unnecessarily  high  cost. 
The  public  wants  the  best  gas  for  the  least  money  and  it  is  to  the  business 
advantage  of  the  Company  to  supply  the  demand.  The  present  standards, 
under  existing  conditions,  do  not  assist  in  attaining  this  desirable  end. 

20.  Summarizing  then,  the  movement  toward  a  heat  unit  standard  is 
based  on  three  important  factors  : 

1.  Modern  appliances  for  the  use  of  gas  require  that  it  have  heat- 
ing value  only.     The  open  flame  burner  is  rapidly  disappearing 
on  account  of  its  inefficiency  and  expense. 

2.  The  present  candle  power  standard  seriously  impedes  desirable 
distribution  in  extended  communities  and  for  long  distances,  and 
as  a  consequence  retards  cpmmunity  development.     The  rising 
price  of  enriching  oils  adds  to  the  difficulty. 

.3.     The  present  standards  are  wasteful  of  resources  and  unduly  bur- 
densome on  the  consumer  and  the  Company. 

21.  In  order  to  obtain  accurate  information  on  which  to  base  the  choice 
of  a  proper  standard,  particularly  with  reference  to  the  needs  of  New  York 
State,  the  Committee  turned  to  a  number  of  gas  corporations  of  the  State  for 
assistance.     Laboratories  for  calorimetrical  measurements  were  established  at 
sixteen  different  plants  of  the  State  and  regular  daily  tests  started.     The  in- 
struments were  checked  first  at  the  laboratory  of  the  Public  Service  Commis- 
sion at  Albany.     The  cost  of  the  apparatus  and  the  expense  of  the  tests  were 
all  carried  as  operating  expenses  of  the  plants  where  the  tests  were  made. 
Constant   attention   had   to   be   given  by  the   Company's   officers   and  their 
employees  to  the  investigation,  and  the  expenditure  of  time  and  money  was 
not  small.    Result's  of  this  work  make  up  the  most  valuable  data  that  the  Com- 
mittee has  in  this  report.    In  Appendix  B  will  be  found  tabulations  and  curves 
showing  the  results  obtained  by  the  various  Companies  with  comments  and 
discussion  in  considerable  detail  (see  also  Appendix  C).    The  monthly  reports 
of  the  Companies  summarizing  their  daily  tests  when  received  by  the  Commit- 
tee   were  scrutinized  closely  for  errors  and  critical  features.     Every  effort 
possible  has  been  made  by  the  Committee  to  make  sure  that  the  work  was 
being  done  with  uniformity  and  accuracy.     The  co-operation  of  the  traveling 
gas  inspectors  of  the  Commission  was  of  marked  assistance  in  this  respect. 
As  a  final  test  on  this  point,  a  demonstration  was  held  at  Amsterdam,  N.  Y., 
at  which  all  the  calorimeter  operators  of  the  various  Companies  making  tests 
were  present.    This  gave  an  opportunity  for  a  further  demonstration  in  regard 
to  uniformity  and  accuracy.     The  Committee  feels  confident  that  the  results 
are  accurate  within  one  per  cent. 

22.  Certain  other  important  facts  demonstrated  by  this   experimental 
work  should  be  mentioned. 

23..    It  is  known  that  a  calorimetrical  laboratory  can  be  established  at 
comparatively  small  expense. 

24.  Calorimetric  measurements  can  be  made  with  great  accuracy  by  men 
with  no  special  scientific  training  except  experience  in  and  attention  to  proper 
operating  directions. 

25.  The  calorimeter  as  a  practical  instrument  is  more  accurate  than  the 
photometer.    There  is  no  uncertain  feature  in  connection  with  its  use  as  there 
is  with  the  type  of  burner  and  standard  unit  of  light  used  with  the  photometer. 

26.  From  the  test  results  no  law  could  be  discovered  showing  a  relation 
between  the  candle  power  and  the  heat  unit  value  of  artificial  gas.    The  Com- 

10 


mission's  preliminary  investigation  indicated  this,  but  the  results,  involving 
6,738  calorimetric  and  9,167  photometric  observations,  obtained  by  the 
Committee  make  it  a  demonstrated  fact.*  For  this  reason  it  would  be 
very  difficult  indeed  to  state  the  heat  value  of  artificial  gas  of  a  quality  equal 
to  the  State  standard  for  candle  power  inasmuch  as  the  Companies  generally 
distributed  gas  above  the  legal  standard,  in  some  cases  as  much  as  17  per  cent. 
For  the  information  of  the  Committee,  however,  two  plants  were  operated 
close  to  the  State  standard.  As  the  results  in  Appendix  B  show,  gas  meeting 
the  State  standard  of  candle  power  would  have  approximately  a  monthly 
average  of  585  B.  t.  u.  **  The  question  immediately  arises  as  to  whether 
this  value  should  not  be  taken  for  the  heating  value  standard  of  gas  to  be 
distributed  in  New  York  State.  The  several  steps  in  the  reasoning  necessary 
to  properly  answer  this  question  are  important. 

27.  It  is  desirable  that  a  new  standard  shall  not  differ  greatly  from  the 
heating  value  of  gas  of  the  present  legal  standard.    To  have  it  materially  less 
would  require  the  distribution  and  use  of  a  larger  volume  of  gas  in  order  to  get 
the  same  useful  effect.    This  in  turn  would  necessitate  radical  changes  in  the 
selling  price  annoying  to  both  consumers  and  Companies  without  benefit  to 
either. 

28.  To  meet  a  heat  unit   standard   of  585   B.   t.   u.   means   that  most 
Companies  must  enrich  the  product  during  a  portion  of  each  twelve  months. 

29.  There  are  a  variety  of  combination  methods  of  making  artificial  gas 
from  gas  coal,  anthracite  coal,  bituminous  coal  and;  oil,  which  are  discussed  in 
Appendix  C. 

30.  Any  enrichment  is  expensive  and  it  has  been  shown  above  that  it  is 
becoming  more  and  more  so  with  the  increasing  price  of  oil.    It  is  safe  to  pre-, 
diet  that  if  the  present  price  of  oil  continues,  carburetted  water  gas  will  no 
longer  occupy  the  important  position  that  it  has  for  some  years  past  in  the 
gas  industry.    Indeed,  the  idea  is  now  taking  firm  hold  that,  owing  to  the  oil 
situation,    with    the    practically    inexhaustible    supply    of    gas    coal    now    in 
sight,  the  gas  industry  must  depend  upon  coal  gas  of  some  sort  for  the  bulk 
of  its  output  and  use  water  gas  as  a  reserve.     In  any  case  excessive  enrich- 
ment is  useless  and  unsatisfactory,  especially  in  connection  with  modern  gas 
appliances.     Gas  unnecessarily  enriched  interferes  with  manufacturing  pro- 
cesses, and  when  distributed  to  the  consumer  deposits  carbon  in  burners  and 
mantles    and,  as  heretofore  stated,  the  .illuminants  drop  out  in  transmission, 
especially  under  pressure  and  at  low  temperature.     Other  things  being  equal, 
it  will  be  to  the  advantage  of  consumers  and  manufacturers  if  enrichment 
is  reduced  to  a  minimum. 

31.  As  shown  later,   with  the  most  modern   horizontal   retort  settings 
and   machine   stoking,   coal   gas   from   high-grade    gas   co;als   and   with,  high 
yields  of  gas  per  ton  of  coal,  without  enrichment,  varies  in  heat  units  from 
approximately  550  to  600  B.  t.  u.  monthly  average.     If  the  general  use  of 
carburetted  water  gas  as  a  staple  product  becomes  impossible  on  account  of 
the  very  high  price  of  enriching  oils,  and  must  be  replaced  by  retort  or  oven 
gas,  and  if  the  heat  unit  standard  is  set  at  such  a  point  that  the  manufacturer 
will  need  the  highest  grades  of  coal  in  order  to  meet  this  standard  or  else 
be  compelled  to  use  high-priced  enriching  oils,  it  is  obvious  that  the  price 
of  these  higher  grade  coals  will  rise  so  that  the  very  object  of  the  change 

*  Note  Chart  Appendix  B,  pages  40-41. 

**  B.  t.  u.  is  the  accepted  abbreviation  for  the  British  thermal  unrt,  which  is  the  amount  of  heat 
required  to  raise  the  temperature  of  one  pound  (avoidupois)  of  pure  water  from  39.1°  F.  to  40.1°  F. 
The  variation  in  the  quantity  of  heat  necessary  to  raise  the  temperature  of  a  pound  of  water  one 
degree  F.  is  so  slight  for  any  temperature  between  32°  and  212°,  that  in  general  the  B.  t.  u.  may  be 
safely  taken  as  the  amount  of  heat  necessary  to  raise  the  temperature  of  one  pound  (avoidupois)  of 
water  one  degree  F. 

11 


will  be  defeated.     It  is  interesting  to   quote  here  from  Bulletin   6   of  the 

Bureau  of  Mines  of  the  United  States,  published  in  1911: 

"In  a  consideration  of  the  various  means  whereby  more  eco- 
nomical and  more  efficient  use  may  be  made  of  the  fuels  in  the  United 
States,  the  possibility  of  obtaining  for  the  production  of  illuminating 
gas  other  and  cheaper  fuels  than  the  Pennsylvania  coals  demands  at- 
tention. For  the  Government,  as  well  as  for  private  corporations  and 
the  householder,  there  can  be  no  more  economical  and  efficient  way 
of  using  some  coals  than  through  the  medium  of  illuminating  gas. 
In  the  stove,  gas  reduces  the  labor  cost  of  heat  production  and  lessens 
the  drudgery  of  the  kitchen ;  burned  in  the  Welsbach  mantle,  it  is  an 
excellent  and  cheap  illuminant.  In  addition,  the  coke  that  remains 
after  the  gas  has  been  recovered  furnishes  a  smokeless  fuel  that  has 
about  the  same  heating  value  as  anthracite.  Hence  any  investiga- 
tions that  will  indicate  how  local  coals  through  proper  treatment 
may  be  substituted  for  the  higher  priced  and  rapidly  vanishing 
Pennsylvania  gas  coals  will  bring  about  lower  prices  for  both  gas  and 
coke,  and  will  also  aid  to  conserve  for  use  in  metallurgical  processes 

the  coking  coals  of  Pennsylvania  and  of  other  States. 

******* 

"There  are  few  well-developed  coal  fields  in  this  country  that 
furnish  coal  satisfying  all  the  requirements  of  illuminating-gas  manu- 
facture. Most  of  the  coal  used  hitherto  has  come  from  Western 
Pennsylvania,  the  quantity  supplied  by  other  fields  being  relatively 
small.  The  introduction  of  gas-coals  from  new  or  little-known  dis- 
tricts, because  of  the  lack  of  necessary  testing  stations  and  of  scien- 
tific study  of  the  complex  process  of  gas  manufacture,  has  been  dif- 
ficult." 

32.  We  must,  therefore,  think  that  it  would  be  inadvisable  to  set  the 
standard  for  artificial  gas  so  high  that  the  best  coals  only  could  be  used.    The 
standard  should  be  placed  so  that  average  coals  may  be  used  without  enrich- 
ment, and  thus  give  the  very  greatest  economic  value  to  the  consumer  at  the 
lowest  cost. 

33.  Certain  methods  of  operation  are  now  being  discussed  that  may  be 
desirable,  or  even  become  compulsory  under  conditions  which  seem  to  be  ap- 
proaching.    The  disposition  of  the  coke  resulting  from  the  manufacturing  of 
coal  gas  has  been  in  the  past  a  serious  problem  to  some  Companies,  and  at  a 
time  when  coke  was  used  in  cooking  ranges  since  discarded  for  more  desirable 
gas  ranges.    For  this  and  other  reasons  it  may  be  desirable  in  the  future  to 
manufacture  a  mixed  coal  and  carburetted  water  gas,  using  substantially  all 
of  the  coke  as  fuel  in  the  water  gas  sets.    If  this  becomes  a  general  practice  it 
may  be  desirable  to  lower  the  standard.     Coke  oven  gas  in  which  the  coal 
is  carbonized  primarily  to  obtain  coke  for  industrial  purposes  and  the  gas  a 
by-product  is  also  being  considered  in  many  places.     Run-of-oven  gas  would 
require   excessive   enrichment  if  the  present  standard  was  in  force.     It  is 
quite   probable   that   should   this    coke   oven    gas    be    distributed    in   larger 
quantities  it  would  be  desirable  to  reduce  the  standard.     Present  data  from 
these  various  processes  show  that  it  might  be  necessary  to  fix  the  standard 
at  525  B.  t.  u.  or  even  lower. 

34.  It  is  difficult  indeed,  in  view  of  the  uncertainty  as  to  just  how  fast 
certain  changes  in  the  conditions  governing  gas  manufacture  and  distribu- 
tion will  take  place,  and  as  to  what  the  final  situation  will  be,  to  determine  the 
proper  value  at  which  to  set  the  standard.    It  has  been  shown  that  some  time 
in  the  future  the  standard  may  have  to  be  525  units  or  lower.    It  has  also  been 
shown  that,  at  present,  the  monthly  average,  even  with  the  best  coals  and 
highest  grade  plants,  may  be  as  low  as  550  units.    All  plants,  of  various  sizes 
and  locations,  cannot  become  highest  grade  plants,  at  least  immediately,  and 

12 


the  smaller  plants  never.  The  best  coals  are  not  available  to  all,  and  if  the 
demand  is  increased  the  price  will  rise.  Notwithstanding  these  facts  it  is 
believed  that  the  standard  adopted  must  be  close  to  the  heat  unit  value  of  the 
present  standard  gas. 

35.  Taking   all   these   conflicting  factors   into    consideration,   it   is  the 
judgment  of  the  Committee  that  a  total  heat  value  not  exceeding  570  British 
thermal  units  monthly  average  measured  at  the  point  where  the  gas  leaves 
the  manufacturing  plant,   corrected  to   a  temperature  of  60°  F.,   and  to   a 
pressure  of  30  inches  of  mercury,  as  measured  by  the  rules  of  the  Committee 
accompanying  this  report,  is  the  standard  which  will  best  serve  the  interest 
of  the  people  of  New  York  State. 

36.  The  standard  suggested  above  is  referred  to  the   standard   atmo- 
spheric  cubic   foot,  i.   e.,   at  30  inches  barometer   and   60°   F.     It   will  be 
perceived  that  the  only  time  a  consumer  would  get  the  standard  number  of 
heat  units  would  be  when  his  meter  was  at  60°  F.  and  the  barometer  was 
at   30  inches.     Such   conditions   cannot   obtain,  however,   with  localities   at 
different  heights  above  sea  level  and  with  meters  located  in  all  kinds   of 
places  giving  different  and  varying  temperatures.     Therefore,  some  average 
conditions  must  be  chosen.     These  might  be  the  average  annual  barometer 
and  temperature  if  they  could  be  obtained  for  each  locality  and  a  "local 
cubic  foot"  might  be  fixed  on. these  terms.    All  such  "local  cubic  feet"  could 
then  be  required  to  have  the  standard  number  of  heat  units.    This  would  be 
possible   for   a    group    of  localities   not   varying  too   much   from    a    certain 
average  altitude.     It  would  be  very  inconvenient  however.     A  certain  mass 
of  coal  gives  a  certain  mass  of  gas  at  best  economic  yield,  and  the  volume 
of  the  gas  is  solely  dependent  upon  pressure  and  temperature.     Therefore,  if 
a  "local  cubic  foot"  is  used,  operators  would  operate  differently  at  different 
altitudes   and   temperatures,    even   though   using   the    same    coals,    oils   and 
machinery.     A   comparison   of   detail   methods   of   operation,   the    study   of 
proper  amounts  of  oil  and  steam,  temperature  of  various  parts  of  the  sets  or 
benches  and   other  features,   are  sufficiently  complex  now  without  making 
them  more  so  by  introducing  accidental  atmospheric  conditions.    There  could 
not  be  even  a  mere  comparison  of  results  by  State  authorities  and  others 
interested,   in   order  to  increase   efficiency,   until   the   results   were  brought 
to  a  common  basis.    In  a  State  having  largely  different  altitudes  several  stand- 
ards might  be  required   owing  to   the   impossibility   of  making   a   uniform 
commercial  gas  in  all  cases.     The  operators  would  still  have  to  observe  the 
daily  barometer  and  temperature,  and  make  corrections  to  the  "local  cubic 
foot."     The    only   suggested   advantage   discernible   is   that   the    consumers 
everywhere  throughout  the  region  or  State  in  question  would  get  the  same 
number  of  heat  units  in  the  yearly  average  "local  cubic  foot."    "What  they  get 
from  day  to  day  will  vary  by  the  same  amounts  under  any  system.    All  features 
considered,  it  will  be  much  more  satisfactory  to  fix  the  requirement  in  terms  of 
the  atmospheric  standard  cubic  foot,  i.  e.,  at  30  inches  barometer  and  60°  F. 
The  average  "local  cubic  foot"  sold  will  then  contain  slightly  different  num- 
bers of  heat  units  according  to  the  height  of  the  locality  above  the  sea  and  to 
the     climatic     conditions.       In     New    York     State    these     differences     are 
unimportant. 

37.  The  conditions  governing  the  use  of  the  standard   are  important. 
Gas  manufacture  is  not  an  exact  science  but  is  a  complex  operation  including 
a  number  of  distinct  processes.     Quality  of  coal,  methods  of  firing,  tempera- 
ture of  retorts,  the  human  factor,  the  failure  or  breakdown  of  parts  of  the 
plant,  and  other  factors  not  easily  controlled,  make  it  impossible  for  a  Gas 
Company   to   deliver   an   absolutely  uniform   product.      This   points    to   the 
necessity  of  applying  the  standard  as  an  average  for  a  reasonable  length 
of  time.     A  month  has  been   adopted   elsewhere   and  is  recommended   for 
New  York  State.    If  a  Company  falls  below  the  standard  for  a  few  days  it 

13 


will  then  be  necessary  for  it  to  produce  above  the  standard,  at  an  economic 
loss,  in  order  to  have  its  monthly  average  satisfactory.  In  order  to  protect 
the  public  against  improper  management  by  which  there  would  be  wide 
departures  from  the  standard,  should  a  minimum  value  be  set?  It  is  not 
necessary  that  this  minimum  be  set  too  close  to  the  monthly  average,  as 
there  is  a  financial  loss  to  a  Company  if  it  departs  too  far  from  it.  The 
cheapest  and  best  operation  for  both  Company  and  consumer  will  obtain  by 
a  close  adherence  to  the  standard.  A  wide  departure  due  to  careless  operat- 
ing means  an  increase  in  operating  cost  which  will  not  be  to  the  Company's 
profit.  A  5  per  cent,  deviation  for  not  exceeding  three  consecutive  days 
would  be  adequate  protection  to  the  consumer.  In  extraordinary  conditions 
due  to  failure  to  obtain  supplies  or  to  accident  in  the  plant,  the  Commission 
might  properly  suspend  the  operation  of  the  standard  in  its  discretion. 

38.  As  a  matter  of  fact  even  a  properly  fixed  minimum  is  of  little  prac- 
tical importance.    Well-managed  companies  would  never  reach  it  except  under 
circumstances  absolutely  beyond  their  control.    The  saving  and  satisfaction  in 
operating  close  to  the  monthly  average  is  very  great  and  induces  good  manage- 
ment.       A  management   continually   inefficient    and   incompetent   would   be 
exposed  in  so  many  ways  that  a  change  would   eventually   come  through 
reorganization  or  new  ownership. 

39.  Penalties  have  been  used  in  an  attempt  to  compel  good  management, 
but  as  a  rule,  experience  has  shown  them  to  be  ineffective.     The  difficulties 
of  placing  the  blame  on  the  proper  persons  and  conditions,  of  proper  legal 
phrasing,  of  collecting  the  penalties,  of  fixing  equitable  penalties  and  penalties 
that  are  real,  the  fact  that  through  carelessness  they  so  frequently  fall  into 
disuse,   the   opportunity  that   exists  for  abuse   and  persecution — all   operate 
against  the  effectiveness  of  a  penalty  system.     Continual  and  broad  publicity 
is  very  much  better.    The  greatest  force  in  the  country  to-day  is  public  opinion. 
No  company  could  ignore  or  withstand  the  effect  of  frequently  published  state- 
ments that  its  product  was  not  up  to  a  prescribed  standard.    A  weekly  publica- 
tion of  tests,  for  example,  would  keep  the  public  informed,  would  keep  the 
company  active  in  good  management,  would  prevent  careless  and  irresponsible 
complaints,  and  would  prevent  abuse  and  criticism. 

40.  It  is  reasonable  to  ask  what  disadvantage  there  will  be,  if  any,  to 
persons  using  flat  flame  burners  if  a  standard  is  fixed  according  to  heating 
value  only.    It  is  fair  to  exclude  from  consideration  all  persons  who  continue 
to    use    flat    flame    burners    through    indifference    to    their    own    interests. 
That  a  smaller  and  smaller  number  of  people  are  doing  this  is  evident  from 
the  results  reported  by  Gas  Companies  in  regard  to  the  reduction  in  the  num- 
ber of  consumers  using  open  flames.     Mantle  burners  have  become  so  cheap 
and  the  saving  is  so  great  that  in  a  short  time  no  one  will  use  open  flame 
burners  except  for  some  peculiar  reason.     The  cases  will  be  remarkably  few 
where  open  flame  burners  will  be  thought  desirable,  but  for  those  who  feel 
that  they  must  use  them  it  may  be  stated  positively  that  any  artificial  gas  hav- 
ing the  heating  value  recommended  in  the  above  standard  would  have  sufficient 
illuminating  power,  though  at  times  lower  than  at  present,  to  make  the  gas 
useful  in  locations  suitable  to  open  flame  burners.     The  use  of  a  very  small 
percentage  of  the   gas  for  such  a  purpose   should  not  prevail   against  the 
general  usefulness  of  the  whole  product. 

41.  The  Committee  recommends,  therefore,  that  no  candle-power  stand- 
ards be  considered  in   connection   with   the   heat  unit   standard   heretofore 
recommended. 


14 


APPENDIX  A 
HISTORY  OF  COMMITTEE  AND  ITS  WORK 


1.  In  August,  1908,  an  investigation  was  started  by  the  Public  Service 
Cqmmission,  Second  District,  N.  Y.,  through  its  Division  of  Light,  Heat 'and 
Power  "into  the  subject  of  the  calorific  power  and  illuminating  power  of  the 
coal  gas,  carburetted  water  gas,  and  mixed  coal  and  earburetted  water  gas 
supplied."    (Page  21,  Third  Annual  Report.) 

2.  This  examination,  as  stated  in  the  Third  Annual  Report  of  the  Com- 
mission, was  of  a  preliminary  nature,  and  was  completed  in  October,  1909, 
and  the  data  embodied  in  a  report  by  the  Chief  of  Division  of  Light,  Heat 
and  Power. 

3.  On  December  8,  1909,  notice  was  sent  by  the  Commission  to  all  the  gas 
companies  operating  in  the  Second  Public  Service  District  of  a  conference  to 
be  held  on  February  1,  1910,  in  reference  to  this  subject. 

4.  In  December,  1909,  following  the  receipt  of  this  notice  and  report,-  the 
Empire  State  Gas  and  Electric  Association  appointed  a  Committee  to  investi- 
gate the  matter  as  thoroughly  as  might  be  done  prior  to  the  hearing  of  Febru- 
ary first.     This  Committee  held  a  number  of  meetings,  discussed  the  matter 
contained  in  the  report  and  such  other  data  as  was  available,  but  was  unable 
to  arrive  at  any  definite  conclusion  in  the 'very  limited  time  at  its  disposal. 

5.  At  the  hearing  on  February  1,  1910,  after  some  general  discussion, 
a  vote  was  taken  on  the  question  as  to  whether  or  not  the  investigation  started 
by  the  Commission  should  be  continued.    The  result  of  the  vote  being  in  the 
affirmative,  the  Chairman  of  the  Commission  suggested  the  appointment  by  the 
representatives  of  the  gas  companies  present,  of  a  Committee  to  co-operate 
with  the  Commission's  representatives.    This  suggestion  having  met  with  the  ap- 
proval of  all  those  present,  a  recess  was  declared,  during  which  the  companies 
held  a  meeting  and  elected  as  their  representatives : 

W.  R.  Addicks, 
T.  R.  Beal, 
J.  C.  DeLong, 
W.  T.  Morris, 
M.  W.  Offutt, 
R.  M.  Searle. 

6.  Upon  the  continuation  of  the  conference  the  Chairman  of  the  Com- 
mission named  as  its  representatives : 

H.  C.  Hazzard, 
H.  H.  Crowell, 
C.  H.  Stone: 

The  persons  above  named  convened  after  adjournment  of  the  hearing  and 
voted  to  hold  the  first  regular  meeting  in  the  Capitol,  Albany,  on  Friday, 
February  11. 

7.  On  February  11,  1910,  the  Committee  appointed  as  above  outlined, 
met  and  elected  H.  C.  Hazzard,  Chairman,  and  C.  H.  B.  Chapin,  Secretary. 
It  was  voted  that  the  Committee  should  be  known  as  the  Joint  Committee  on 
Calorimetry. 

15 


8.  Since  its  original  appointment,  the  personnel  of  the  Committee  has 
undergone  some  changes.     The  Commission  has  appointed  William  McClellan 
and  C.  F.  Leonard  as  its  representatives,  H.  H.  Crowell  and  C.  H.  Stone  hav- 
ing severed  their  connection  with  it.    H.  H.  Crowell  continued  to  serve  upon 
the  committee,  and  C.  H.  Stone  resigned,  but  by  unanimous  invitation  con- 
tinued to  sit  with  the  committee  and  was  later  re-elected  a  member.     M.  "W. 
Offutt  resigned  as  a  member  of  the  Committee  and  M.  J.  Brayton  was  elected 
in  his  place.     Dr.  A.  H.  Elliott  and  J.  B.  Klumpp  were  elected  additional 
members  of  the  Committee.    H.  C.  Hazzard  having  resigned  from  the  service 
of  the  Commission,  thereupon  resigned  from  the  Committee,  and  W.  R.  Addicks 
was  elected  Chairman. 

9.  At  the  commencement  of  the  investigation,  the  Committee  deemed  it 
desirable  to  secure  the  co-operation  of  Companies  in  different  parts  of  the 
State  and  operating  under  different  conditions  of  manufacture  and  distribu- 
tion  of  gas.     Ten   Companies   decided  to   purchase   calorimeters   and   make 
such  tests  as  the  Committee  desired.    Before  the  conclusion  of  the  investiga- 
tion additional  Companies  joined  in  the  work,  so  that  the  Committee  had 
results  from  sixteen  plants  located  in  widely  separated  parts  of  the  State  to 
aid  it  in  its  conclusions. 

10.  Statistics  are  given  in  Table  I  showing  the  kind  of  gas  made  by  these 
Companies,  the  magnitude  of  the  daily  output,  and  the  date  of  beginning  of 
tests.     Companies  are  designated  by  number  instead  of  by  name  throughout 
the  report.     (For  further  information  regarding  the  different  Companies  see 
Appendix  B.) 

TABLE  I. 
Company 

Number.  Class.  Kind  of  Gas.  Tests  Started. 

1  A  Coal  gas,  enriched.  Oct.    1,  1911. 

2  D  Coal  gas,  enriched.  Aug.  1,  1911. 

3  A  Carburetted  water  gas.  Aug.  1,  1911. 

4  A  Carburetted  water  gas.  Aug.  1,  1911. 

5  C  Carburetted  water  gas.  Aug.  1,  1911.* 

6  B  Carburetted  water  gas.  Aug.  1,  1911. 

7  B  Carburetted  water  gas.  Aug.  1,  1911. 

8  C  Carburetted  water  gas.  Aug.  1,  1911. 

9  A  Carburetted  water  gas.  Aug.  1,  1911. 

10  B  Carburetted  water  gas.  •      Oct.    1,  1911. 

11  A  Mixed  coal  and  carb  'd  water  gas.  Aug.  1,  1911. 

12  A  Mixed  coal  and  carb 'd  water  gas.  Aug.  1,  1911. 

13  C  Mixed  coal  and  carb  'd  water  gas.  Aug.  1,  1911. 

14  C  Mixed  coal  and  carb 'd  water  gas.  Apr.  1,  1912. 

15  A  Carburetted  water  gas.  Oct.    1,  1912. 

16  B  Carburetted  water  gas.  Feb.   1,  1912. 

*Tests  discontinued  November  30,  1911,  and  calorimeter  moved  to  another 
plant. 

Class  A — Companies  having  a  maximum  daily  send-out  of  over  1,000,000 

cubic  feet. 
Class  B — Companies  having  a  maximum  daily  send-out  from  500,000  to 

1,000,000  cubic  feet. 

Class  C — Companies  having  a  maximum  daily  send-out  from  100,000  to 
500,000  cubic  feet. 

Class  D — Companies  having  a  maximum  daily  send-out  of  under  100,000 
cubic  feet. 

16 


11.  At  the  meeting  of  the  Committee  in  February,  1910,  it  was  deemed 
advisable  to  prepare  specifications  for  calorimeter  installations  and  rules  for 
their  operation.     This  work,  which  was  done  by  a  sub-committee,  was  com- 
pleted and  adopted  by  the  full  Committee  on  May  6,  1910,  and  printed  for  dis- 
tribution under  the  title  ' ' Calorimetric  Eules,  Regulations  and  Specifications." 
Copies  were  furnished  to  all  Gas  Companies  operating  in  New  York  State. 

This  pamphlet  is  divided  into  six  general  sections  as  follows : 

I.     Heating  Value  of  Gas   (Definition).* 

II.     Primary   Standard — To   be   maintained   at  the   laboratory   of 
Commission  at  Albany  (Specifications). 

III.  Secondary  Standard — To  be  used  in  checking  Calorimeters  of 

Gas  Companies  in  situ  (Specifications). 

IV.  General  Specifications  and  Recommendations  for  Calorimeter 

Installations  by  Gas  Companies. 
V.    Directions  for  Operating  Calorimeter. 

VI.     Suggestion  of  Several  Types  of  Calorimeters  Suitable  to  Use 
when  Checked  by  the  Primary  Standard  Adopted. 

12.  Following  the  adoption  of  these  specifications,  the  Public  Service 
Commission,  Second  District,  purchased  necessary  instruments  and  equipped 
a  laboratory  where  the  instruments  of  the  different  Companies  could  be  cali- 
brated. 

13.  The  delays  in  delivery  of  instruments  were  considerable,  so  that  the 
calibration  of  the  companies'  calorimeters  at  the  State  laboratory  was  not  com- 
pleted until  early  in  1911.    It  was  deemed  wise  by  the  Committee  to  allow  a 
preliminary  period  after  the  instruments  were  finally  installed  for  the  com- 
panies' operators  to  become  acquainted  with  the  methods  of  testing  before 
asking  that  the  results  be  submitted  to  it  for  inspection. 

14.  During  this  preliminary  period   forms  were  prepared  to  be  used  by 
the  companies  in  recording  their  daily  readings  and  in  submitting  the  results 
each  month  to  the  Committee. 

15.  Observations  of  the  results  obtained  during  the  first  few  months  of 
testing  prompted  the  Committee  to  prepare  a  second  pamphlet  which  was 
printed  under  the  title  "Plan  of  Calorimetric  Investigation  and  Explanation 
of  Test  and  Report  Forms."    A  copy  of  this  pamphlet  was  furnished  each  com- 
pany engaged  in  the  investigation.    Amended  forms  for  recording  and  report- 
ing daily  readings  and  works  data  were  also  prepared. 

16.  This  second  pamphlet,  which  was  tentatively  adopted  January  6, 
1912,  treated  in  further  detail  the  following  subjects: 

1.  The  making  of  daily  Calorimetric  tests  and  the  recording  daily 
of  certain  works  data. 

2.  The  submitting  to  the  Committee  monthly  the  results  of  the  daily 
tests  and  of  monthly  averages  and  details  of  works  data. 

3.  The  furnishing  to  the  Committee  of  information  regarding  oper- 
ating conditions,  and  apparatus  and  methods  in  use. 

17.  Beginning  with  August  1,  1911,  and  ending  October  31,  1912,  a  period 
of  fifteen  months,  reports  have  been  regularly  received  by  the  Committee  and 
each  month  tabulated  by  the  Secretary  so  that  copies  could  be  in  the  hands  of 
each  member  of  the  Committee  for  individual  study.    During  this  period  6,738 
Calorimetric  tests   and  9,167  photometric  tests  were  reported   as   shown  in 
Tables  II  and  III  respectively. 

*  The    definition    of    the   heating   value   of   gas    adopted   by   the    Committee   for   the   purposes   of 
this  report  and  the  investigations  conducted  is  as  follows: 

"The  heating  value  of  a  gas  is  the  total  heating  effect  produced  by  the  complete 
combustion  of  a  unit  volume  of  the  gas,  measured  at  a  temperature  of  60  degrees 
Fahrenheit,  and  a  pressure  of  30  inches  of  mercury,  with  air  of  the  same  temperature  and 
pressure,  the  products  of  combustion  also  being  brought  to  this  temperature. 

"In  America  the  unit  of  volume  is  the  cubic  foot  and  we  recommend  that  the 
heating  value  be  stated  in  terms  of  British  Thermal  Units  per  cubic  foot  of  gas." 

17 


TABLE  H. 

CALOEIMETEIG     TESTS 


i-H 

(M 

0 

h 

O 

h 

Company 

rH 
•4-T 

oo 

® 
,0 

a 

3 

b 

CD 
X5 

t-4 

<s 

X! 

a 

h 

CD 
1 

i—  1 

b 

03 

b 

CO 

3 

M 

•4-a 

S 

^ 

9 

XJ 

a 

<o 

h 

<o 

& 

§0 

-tj 
Oi 

O 
-W 

CD 
> 

CD 
t> 

3 
a 

EH 

& 

t-t 

o3 

^ 

>, 

<D 

a 

£, 

bo 

-IJ 

ft 

O 

-IJ 

"cS 

-^ 

3 

0) 

O 

O 

CD 

o3 

<S 

fr. 

60 

$ 

"3 

P 

CD 

O 

O 

<5 

02 

O 

to 

P 

1-5 

PH 

% 

< 

% 

1-5 

i? 

< 

QQ 

O 

H 

No.  1 

25 

25 

22 

6 

1 

7 

26 

1  25 

25 

16 

26 

23 

25 

252 

No.  2 

31 

30 

31 

30 

25 

25 

24 

25 

25 

26 

23 

22 

25 

23 

22 

387 

No.  3 

24 

23 

26 

25 

25 

27 

25 

25 

25 

26 

25 

27 

24 

27 

354 

No.  4 

29 

28 

29 

28 

31 

29 

32 

26 

28 

32 

29 

24 

24 

17 

14 

400 

No.  5 

27 

25 

26 

25 

103 

No.  6 

29 

27 

28 

28 

29 

31 

29 

28 

30 

30 

30 

31 

30 

27 

26 

433 

Works 

<  i   it 

20 

15 

26 

30 

30 

30 

31 

28 

26 

31 

267 

Outlying  Station 

No.  7 

27 

30 

31 

27 

26 

26 

26 

26 

26 

27 

25 

26 

25 

21 

7 

376 

No.  8 

27 

25 

27 

24 

24 

27 

23 

26 

26 

26 

25 

26 

25 

26 

26 

383 

Inst.  A  at  Works 

it   1  1 

27 

25 

27 

24 

24 

26 

23 

26 

26 

26 

25 

26 

25 

26 

26 

382 

Inst.  B  at  Works 

It     S  t 

27 

25 

27 

24 

24 

24 

23 

26 

26 

26 

25 

26 

25 

26 

26 

380 

Inst.  C  at  Office 

No.  9 

31 

30 

31 

25 

24 

26 

24 

26 

26 

25 

25 

26 

26 

25 

27 

397 

No.  10 

26 

25 

22 

26 

22 

26 

24 

24 

25 

26 

27 

23 

26 

322 

No.  11 

26 

24 

26 

25 

24 

25 

24 

26 

26 

26 

24 

24 

27 

23 

26 

376 

Coal  Gas 

it   tt 

26 

24 

26 

25 

24 

26 

24 

26 

26 

26 

24 

24 

27 

22 

26 

376 

Water  Gas 

it   tt 

26 

24 

26 

25 

24 

26 

25 

26 

26 

25 

25 

24 

27 

23 

26 

378 

Mixed  Gas 

No.  12 

26 

20 

26 

25 

21 

20 

21 

21 

19 

12 

18 

26 

19 

19 

21 

314 

No.  13 

26 

25 

26 

25 

25 

24 

25 

26 

26 

26 

25 

26 

27 

15 

27 

374 

No.  14 

28 

31 

30 

31 

31 

30 

29 

210 

No.  15 

23 

27 

50 

Works 

it   it 

23 

23 

Outlying  Station 

No.  16 

19 

26 

26 

13 

13 

27 

27 

24 

26 

201 

Total 

409 

385 

464 

435 

394 

414 

405 

444 

470 

481 

472 

487 

498 

466 

514 

6,738 

TABLE     HI. 
PHOTOMETEIC     TESTS 


<M 

r-i 

CJ 

Company 

CJ 

)tember 

t-, 

CD 
0 

vember 

h 
Q 

1 

CD 
O 

b 

03 

b 

a 

d 

0 

PH 

j>> 

1 

ptember 

h 

© 

O 
-t-i 

•4f 

p 

^•*^ 

"o 

o 

<o 

cS 

CD 

o3 

£-• 

03 

^ 

r-i 

0} 

0 

O 

02 

O 

to 

p 

HS 

fc 

E 

*» 

^   . 

•< 

OD 

O 

No.     1 

26 

25 

'  25 

26 

1 

7 

26 

26 

25 

16 

26 

24 

25 

278 

Works 

No.     3 

31 

30 

31 

30 

30 

31 

29 

25 

25 

25 

26 

31 

30 

31 

406 

Works 

11      it 

27 

25 

26 

24 

25 

26 

24 

26 

1  25 

23 

26 

26 

23 

27 

351 

Office 

No.     4 

31 

30 

30 

30 

31 

31 

32 

29 

29 

'  32 

29 

24 

24 

17 

15 

414 

Works 

No.     5 

27 

25 

26 

25 

103 

Meter  Shop 

No.     6 

31 

30 

31 

30 

31 

31 

29 

31 

30 

31 

30 

31 

31 

30 

31 

458 

Works 

tt      ti 

31 

29 

31 

30 

31 

30 

31 

31 

30 

31 

305 

Outlying  Station 

No.     7 

27 

30 

31 

28 

26 

24 

26 

28 

27 

27 

25 

26 

24 

22 

25 

396 

Works 

tt      it 

23 

22 

26 

25 

25 

26 

25 

24 

26 

26 

22 

24 

26 

24 

26 

370 

Office 

No.     8 

27 

25 

27 

24 

24 

27 

23 

26 

26 

26 

25 

26 

25 

26 

26 

383 

Works 

1  1      ft 

27 

25 

27 

24 

24 

27 

23 

26 

26 

26 

25 

26 

25 

26 

26 

383 

Works 

tt      it 

27 

25 

27 

24 

24 

27 

23 

26 

26 

26 

25 

26 

25 

26 

26 

383 

Office 

it      it 

27 

25 

27 

24 

24 

27 

23 

26 

26 

26 

25 

26 

25 

26 

26 

383 

Office 

No.     9 

31 

30 

31 

30 

31 

31 

29 

31 

30 

31 

30 

31 

31 

29 

31 

457 

Works 

a      a 

31 

30 

31 

27 

24 

27 

25 

26 

26 

25 

25 

26 

26 

26 

27 

402 

Office 

it      tt 

31 

30 

31 

27 

24 

27 

25 

26 

26 

25 

25 

26 

26 

26 

27 

402 

Office 

No.  10 

26 

25 

24 

26 

23 

25 

24 

25 

25 

25 

27 

23 

26 

324 

Office 

No.  11 

27 

25 

26 

25 

25 

24 

24 

25 

26 

25 

24 

24 

27 

23 

26 

376 

Coal  Gas 

it      ti 

27 

25 

26 

25 

25 

26 

24 

25 

26 

26 

24 

24 

27 

22 

26 

378 

Water  Gas 

it      a 

27 

3.0 

26 

25 

25 

31 

25 

26 

26 

26 

25 

24 

27 

23 

26 

392 

Mixed  Gas 

No.  12 

31 

30 

31 

30 

31 

31 

29 

31 

30 

31 

30 

26 

19 

19 

21 

420 

Works 

it      ft 

26 

23 

26 

25 

25 

20 

22 

26 

26 

26 

25 

270 

Office 

No.  13 

26 

25 

26 

25 

25 

26 

25 

26 

26 

26 

25 

26 

27 

24 

27 

385 

Office 

No.  14 

30 

30 

30 

31 

31 

30 

31 

213 

Works 

tt      it 

29 

31 

30 

31 

31 

30 

29 

211 

Office 

No.  15 

25 

27 

50 

Works 

«      11 

25 

23 

48 

Outlying   Station 

No.  16 

19 

26 

26 

26 

25 

27 

27 

24 

26 

226 

Meter  Shop 

Total 

562 

538 

615 

577 

548 

603 

557 

598 

623 

'680 

653 

629 

645 

651 

688 

9,167 

18 


18.  In  May,  1912,  a  meeting  of  the  Committee  was  held  at  Amsterdam 
which  was  attended  by  the  men  operating  the  calorimeters  in  the  several 
plants.     At  this  time  a  general  conference  was  held  and  a  discussion  of  the 
work,  with  particular  reference  to  uniformity  and  accuracy,  took  place. 

19.  Sub-committees  have  taken  up  in  detail  matters  that  were  considered 
of  enough  importance  to  require  special  study.     Frequent  meetings  of  the 
Committee    have  been  held  during  the  past  two  years  and  the  work  con- 
stantly reviewed  with  an  endeavor  to  consider  every  phase  of  the  question. 
An  analysis  of  the  work,  the  results  of  the  tests  and  the  conclusions  drawn 
therefrom,  will  be  found  elsewhere  in  the  report. 

INTRODUCTORY    OBSERVATIONS    RELATING    TO    THE    STUDY    OF 

APPENDIX   B. 

1.  Laboratory  accuracy  cannot  be  applied  in  commercial  gas  produc- 
tion.    The  engineer  cannot  predict  from  day  to  day  the  quality  of  gas  that 
will  be  produced,  not  only  because  of  the  uncertainties  in  the  character  of  the 
raw  material,  but  also  because  of  climatic  conditions.     It  will  be  observed 
therefore  that,  owing  chiefly  to  atmospheric  changes,  an  excess  candle  power 
exceeding  10%   at  the  plants  is  frequently  not  realized   at   official  testing 
station,   even  though  the  minimum  realized  meets  the   State  candle  power 
requirements.     This  necessary  condition  tends  to  the  serving  of  an  irregular 
product  which  the  charts  clearly  disclose. 

2.  Similarly,  when  operating  under  a  heat  unit  standard,  the  engineer 
must  continue  to  make  his  product  in  excess  of  the  standard  adopted.     The 
information  derived  by  the  test  indicates  that  the  consumer  will  receive  a 
much  more  uniform  and  satisfactory  product  which  should  work  for  greater 
efficiency  in  its  use  at  the  point  of  consumption  when  compared  with  operat- 
ing under  the  candle  power  standard  where,  even  with  uniform  pressure,  the 
essential  readjustment  of  air  supply  is  neglected;  this  is  wasteful  in  use  of 
gas  and  through  carbonization  (a  too  familiar  sight  with  over-enriched  gas) 
is  destructive  of  gas  mantles.     This  condition  would  be  eliminated  under  the 
proposed  heat  unit  standard  and  the  present  economic  losses  and  annoyance  in 
the  use  of  gas  due  to  this  neglect  in  readjustment  of  air  supply  will  be 
eliminated. 

3.  The  adoption  of  the  proposed  standard  will  be   a  conservation   of 
resources  through  the  elimination  of  unnecessary  wastes  in  production  and 
distribution  without  loss  in  effectiveness  of  the  product  when  compared  with 
all  elements  of  waste  resulting  from  pursuing  present  methods. 

4.  It  should  be  noted  that  a  percentage  variation  from  a  standard  by,  for 
example,  5%  is  but  1  unit  in  the  case  of  20  as  used  in  candle  power,  while  the 
same  accuracy  when  dealing  with  the  larger  heat  unit  figure  becomes  29 
units  (nearly)  when  dealing  with  heat  unit  standards,  yet  both  1  and  29  are 
figures  that  show  equal  percentage  accuracy. 

5.  It  should  be  kept  in  mind  that  a  difference  in  reading  by  two  observers 
of  the  same  gas  might  reasonably  be  even  .5  of  a  candle  or  nearly  3%  in 
candle  power.    It  is  probable  that  the  variation  in  B.  t.  u.  observation  by  the 
same  observers  would  be  less  than  1%.     The  following  table  may  be  found 
useful.    It  shows,  for  example,  that  a  5%  variation  from  20  candle  power  is  1 
or  21  candle  power;  for  18  candle  power  is  .9  or  18.9  candle  power;  from  16 
candle  power  is  .8  or  16.8 ;  while  from  570  B.  t.  u.  it  is  28.50  or  599  (nearly). 

TABLE  SHOWING  RESULTANT  ILLUMINATING  OR  HEATING  VALUE 

FOR  VARIATIONS  IN  THE  QUALITY  OF  THE  GAS,  ABOVE 

STANDARD,  OF  FROM  1  TO  13  PER  CENT. 

Standard         1%  2%  3%  4%  5%  6%  7%  8%  9%  10%  11%  12%  13% 

20  C.  P 20.2  20.4  20.6  20.8  21.0  21.2  21.4  21.6  21.8  22.0  22.2  22.4  22.6 

18  C.  P 18.2  18.4  18.5  18.7  18.9  19.1  19.3  19.4  19.6  19.8  20.0  20.2  20.3 

16  C.  P 16.2  16.3  16.5  16.6  16.8  17.0  17.1  17.3  17.4  17.6  17.8  17.9  18.1 

570  B.  t.  u.,576  581  587  593  599  604  610  616  621  627  633  638  644 

19 


APPENDIX  B 


1.  As  already  noted  in  Appendix  A,  page  — ,  there  have  been  6,738 
calorimetric  tests  and  9,167  photometric  tests  reported  to  the  Committee  dur- 
ing the  period  August  1,  1911,  to  October  31,  1912.  It  has  seemed  unnecessary 
to  include  all  of  these  tests  in  detail  in  this  report,  but  the  monthly  averages 
are  given  in  Table  IV.  These  averages  are  in  all  cases  based  on  the  actual 
number  of  tests  made  during  the  month.  The  table  also  gives  the  minimum 
monthly  average  of  heating  value  for  each  Company  and  the  average  illuminat- 
ing value  for  the  month  during  which  the  minimum  average  heating  value 
occurred. 

TABLE  IV. 

CAEBUEETTED     WATEE     GAS 

STANDARD  CANDLE  POWER  REQUIRED  AT  TESTING  STATION  20 


MONTH 

Company  No.  3 
At  Works 
Average 

Company  No.  4 
At  Works 
Average 

Company  No.  5 
At  Meter  Shop 
Average 

Company  No.  6 

Company  No.  7 
At  Works 
Average 

At  Works 
Average 

Testing  Station 
Average 

B  t.  u.  |  C.  P. 

B  t.  u. 

C.  P. 

.Blt-fu. 

C.  P. 

B  t.  u.  |  C.  P. 

B  t.  u.  |  C.  P. 

B  t.  u.  |  C.  P. 

August,  1911 

621 

22.8 

642 

23.3 

624 

20.7 

613 

23.8 

605 

20.7 

September 

631 

22.5 

644 

23.7 

616 

21.1 

613 

24.9 

615 

20.7 

October 

636 

22.9 

632 

22.5 

635 

20.6 

612 

23.4 

617 

20.5 

November 

657 

22.5 

635 

22.1 

634 

19.6 

615 

22.9 

623 

21.1 

December 

661 

22.4 

627 

21.9 

637 

23.1 

625 

22.6 

January,  1912 

669 

21.8 

622 

20.5 

631 

22.8 

619 

19.9 

(135 

25.1 

February 

650 

23.1 

645 

22.0 

634 

23.2 

618 

20,4 

631 

25.6 

March 

643 

24.1 

631 

22.4 

624 

22.8 

620 

20.4 

630 

25.6 

April 

626 

22.1 

627 

23.3 

617 

20.2 

628 

25.5 

May 

628 

23.3 

634 

23.5 

638 

23.2 

621 

20.5 

621 

22.5 

June 

622 

22.1 

630 

22.7 

643 

23.2 

636 

20.7 

610 

21.7 

July 

622 

21.3 

644 

22.4 

646 

23.1 

639 

21.1 

607 

21.1 

August 

619 

20.6 

643 

22.3 

636 

23.1 

631 

20.7 

613 

21.5 

September 

624 

21.3 

644 

22.5 

630 

22.9 

616 

20.2 

619 

21.5 

October 

630 

20.7 

652 

22.3 

638 

23.4 

626 

20.4 

629 

21.6 

Min.  Ave.  B  t.  u.  and 
C.  P.  same  month 

619 

20.6 

622 

20.5 

616 

21.1 

612 

23.4 

616 

20.2 

605 

20.7 

Company  No.  8 

Company  No.  9 

Company  No.  10 

Company  No,  15 

At  Works 

At  Office 

Testing  Station 

At  Office 

At  Works 

Outlying  Station 

At  Meter  Shop 

Average 

Average 

Average 

Average 

Average 

Average 

Average 

B  t.  u. 

C.  P. 

B  t.  u.  1  C.  P. 

B  t.  u.  I  C.  P. 

B  t.  u.  I  C.  P. 

B  t.  u.  |  C.  P. 

B  t.  u.  |  C.  P. 

B  t.  u.  |  C.  P. 

August,   1911 

617 

19.1 

613 

20.0 

589 

20.8 

September 

610 

18.9 

605 

19.6 

597 

20.6 

October 

594 

18.7 

584 

19.3 

619 

21.2 

625 

21.2 

November 

633 

19.7 

622 

19.9 

625 

20.4 

632 

21.2 

December 

645 

22.5 

642 

20.9 

638 

20.7 

626 

20.7 

January,   1912 

653 

22.4 

643 

21.1 

631 

20.9 

626 

20.5 

February 

650 

22.6 

631 

20.6 

621 

20.7 

634 

20.6 

625 

20.5 

March 

621 

20.3 

607 

19.8 

610 

20.7 

618 

20.4 

619 

20.8 

April 

602 

18.7 

591 

20.4 

600 

20.2 

620 

20.6 

620 

20.6 

May 

592 

19.5 

590 

19.9 

589 

20.6 

629 

20.9 

621 

21.2 

June 

592 

19.3 

596 

20.7 

595 

20.6 

624 

21.2 

631 

21.0 

July 

584 

17.9 

586 

20.6 

597 

20.6 

619 

21.2 

639 

20.7 

August 

592 

19.3 

591 

20.1 

588 

20.5 

633 

21.9 

626 

21.2 

September 

607 

19.7 

605 

21.0 

592 

20.2 

615 

20.8 

627 

20.9 

626 

20.7 

October 

615 

20.4 

618 

20.5 

597 

20.6 

605 

20.4 

629 

22.2 

606 

17.6 

622 

21.1 

Min,  Ave.  B  t.  u.  and 
C.  P.  same  month 

584 

17.9 

584 

19.3 

588 

20.5 

605 

20.4 

627 

20.9 

606 

17.6 

619 

20.8 

20 


MIXED    COAL   AND 

COAL    GAS 

COAL 
GAS 

CARBURETTED    WATER    GAS 

Enriched 

Unenriched 

Company  No.  11 

Company  No.  12 

Company  No.  13 

CompnnyNo.  14 

Company  No.  1 

Company  No.  2 

Company  No.  11 

At  Works 

At  Works 

At  Office 

At  Office 

At  Works 

At  Office 

At  Works 

MONTH 

Average 

Average 

Average 

Average 

Averaje 

Average 

Average 

B  t.  u.  I  C.  P. 

B  t.  u.  1  C.  P. 

B  t.  u.  I  C.  P. 

B  t.  u. 

C.  P. 

B  t.  u.  |  C.  P. 

B  t.  u. 

C.  P. 

B  t.  u.  |  C.  P. 

August,   1911 

626 

20.0 

590 

21.3 

611 

18.2 

6tiO 

602 

14.9 

September 

640 

20.4 

592 

21.3 

623 

18.3 

654 

616 

15.3 

October 

628 

20.6 

596 

21.5 

661 

18.7 

683 

18.7 

654 

611 

13.5 

November 

643 

20.9 

611 

21.9 

624 

18.6 

674 

18.0 

651 

607 

13.8 

December 

649 

20.5 

615 

21.9 

633 

18.4 

667 

17.7 

647 

621 

14.2 

January,  1912 

672 

20.5 

635 

21.6 

632 

18.5 

653 

17.5 

630 

»d 

628 

13.7 

February 

656 

21.4 

645 

21.5 

641 

18.4 

636 

<o 
*> 

614 

13.7 

March 

646 

20.4 

647 

21.1 

626 

18.3 

626 

16.5 

616 

H 
0 

612 

14.9 

April 

636 

20.8 

647 

20.9 

626 

18.6 

605 

18.6 

641 

16.4 

637 

& 

612 

13.5 

May 

628 

21.5 

642 

20.8 

633 

18.4 

634 

19.4 

656 

16.9 

651 

M 

601 

14.7 

June 

624 

19.7 

631 

20.6 

620 

18.4 

623 

18.5 

642 

16.6 

662 

-u 

0 

610 

15.3 

July 

610 

19.9 

617 

20.3 

635 

18.6 

618 

18.6 

638 

17.0 

646 

fc 

593 

14.3 

August 

614 

19.7 

628 

20.4 

627 

18.4 

618 

18.9 

645 

16.8 

644 

591 

13.7 

September 

612 

19.8 

622 

20.5 

621 

18.4 

611 

18.7 

653 

17.0 

646 

595 

14.2 

October 

623 

20.4 

633 

20.5 

625 

18.5 

603 

18.4 

650 

17.8 

618 

592 

13.1 

Min.  Ave.  B  t.  u.  and 
C.  P.  same  month 

610 

19.9 

590 

21.3 

611 

18.2 

,  603 

18.4 

626 

16.5 

616 

591 

13.7 

2.  The  results  of  the  tests  throughout  the  entire  period  are  shown  graph- 
ically in  the  following  pages.    Data  in  regard  to  the  works  and  operation  of 
the  various  Companies  are  also  given. 

3.  The  charts  were  prepared  to  show  the  variations  in  the  quality  of  gas, 
both  daily  and  from  month  to  month.     There  are  separate  diagrams  for  the 
heating  value  and  the  illuminating  value. 

4.  The  zero  line  represents  the  average  for  a  complete  year,  except  when 
tests  did  not  cover  so  long  a  period.    In  each  case  the  actual  figure  represented 
by  the  zero  line  is  given,  and  the  months  included  in  the  average  are  stated. 
The  average  for  each  month  is  shown  by  a  heavy  line  indicating  the  percentage 
of  variation  above  or  below  the  yearly  average.     The  cross-sectioning  repre- 
sents the  extreme  high  and  low  variation  of  any  daily  readings  during  such 
month  in  percentage  of  the  monthly  average. 

5.  The  illuminating  values  and  their  variations  from  the  yearly  and 
monthly  average   are  shown  according  to  the  same  method  in  the  second 
diagram. 

6.  A  careful  study  of  these  diagrams  indicates  that  the  percentages  of 
variation  in  heating  values  from  day  to  day  and  from  month  to  month  are 
considerably  less  than  the  percentages  of  variation  in  illuminating  values,  that 
the  variations  in  monthly  averages  for  the  two  measures  of  quality  do  not 
parallel  one  another  and  that  there  is  no  definite  relation  between  them. 


21 


COMPANY  NO.  1 

Works  Kind  of  coal — %  screened  Pennsylvania  gas  coal. 

Class  A— Table  I.   Page  16. 
Duration  of  charge — 4  hours. 

Operation  Coal  gas  plant  with  water  gas  auxiliary,  not  in  use  daily. 

One  holder  housed,  six  exposed. 
Yield  per  Ib.  coal-^.79  to  4.94  cu.  ft.  (cor.) 
Tests  Tests  made  at  works. 

Coal  gas  enriched  with  oil  gas. 

Type  of  calorimeter — Junkers — American  Meter  Co. 
Temperature  of  atmosphere  not  reported  each  month,  prob- 
able range  during  period  of  tests  from  0°  to  100°  F. 

Curves  Zero  lines  represent  average  heating  power   or  illuminating 

power  for  period  October  1,  1911,  to  September  30,  1912, 
excepting  February,  1912,  for  which  month  no  tests  were 
reported. 

Average  heating  power=652  B.  t.  u. 
Average  illuminating  power=17.2  C.  P. 

VARIATIONS  IN  HEATING  POWER 

OCT.       NOV.      DEC.       JAN.       FEB.       MAR.      APR.       MAY      JUNE      JULY      AUG.      SEPT.      OCT. 


10% 


10% 


VARIATIONS  IN  ILLUMINATING  POWER 

OCT.       NOV.       DEO.       JAN.      FEB.       MAR.      APR.       MAY      JUNE      JULY      AUG.      SEPT.       OCT. 


20% 


10% 


10% 


20% 


22 


COMPANY  NO.  2 

Works  Coal  gas  plant. 

Class  D— Table  I.    Page  16. 

Holders  exposed. 

Horizontal  retorts. 

One-half  depth  furnace. 

Operation  Enricher — cannel    coal — 8.57   to    9.23    Ibs.  'per    100   Ibs.    coal 

carbonized. 

Kind  of  coal — Pennsylvania. 

Duration  of  charge — from  5  hrs.  35  min.  to  7  hrs.  26  min. 

Yield  per  Ib.  coal — December  to  July — 4.78  to  5.25  cu.  ft.  (cor.) 
Tests  Tests  made  at  office. 

Type  of  calorimeter — Junkers. 

No  photometric  tests  reported. 

Temperature  of  atmosphere  ranged  from  — 10°  to  102°  F. 
Curves  Zero  line  represents  average  heating  power  for  12  months — 

August  1,  1911,  to  July  31,  1912. 
Average  heating  power—  645  B.  t.  u. 


VARIATIONS  IN  HEATING  POWER 

AUQ.   SEPT.   OCT.   NOV.   DEC.   JAN.   FEB.   MAR.   APR.   MAY   JUNE   JULY   AUG.   SEPT.   OCT. 


10% 


23 


COMPANY  NO.  3 


Works  Carburetted  water  gas  plant. 

Class  A— Table  I.   Page  16.' 
Holders  exposed. 
Generators — 7'  6"  and  12'  sets. 

Operation  Enricher— 34°  to  35°  B.  gas  oil— 3.68  to  4.48  gals,  per  M.  (cor.) 

Kind  of  fuel — Anthracite  grate  coal. 
Generator  fuel  per  M.  (cor.)— 31.55  to  37.44  Ibs. 
Hours  per  day  works  operation — from  10  to  24. 
Tests  Tests  made  at  works. 

Type  of  calorimeter — Junkers. 

Temperature  of  atmosphere  ranged  from  — 16°  to  98°  F. 

Curves  Zero  lines  represent  average  heating  power  or  illuminating 

power  for  period  August  1,  1911,  to  July  31,  1912,  except- 
ing April,  1912,  for  which  month  no  tests  were  reported. 
Average  heating  power=640  B.  t.  u. 
Average  illuminating  power=22.6  C.  P. 

VARIATIONS  IN  HEATING  POWER 

AUG.   SEPT.   OCT.   NOV.   DEC.   JAN.   FEB.   MAR.   APR.   MAY   JUNE   JULY   AUG.   SEPT.   OCT. 


10% 


10% 


VARIATIONS  IN   ILLUMINATING  POWER 

AUG.   SEPT.   OCT.   NOV.   DEC.   JAN.   FEB.   MAR.   APR.   MAY  JUNE   JULY  AUG.   SEPT.   OCT. 


20% 


10% 


10% 


20% 


24 


COMPANY  NO.  4 

Works  Carburetted  water  gas  plant. 

Class  A— Table  I.   Page  16. 
Holders  exposed. 
Generators — U.  G.  I.  Improved  Lowe — up  and  down  steam, 

7'  6"  and  8'  6"  sets.    Air  and  steam  meters. 

Operation  Enricher — Gas  oil — 3.80  to  4.19  gals,  per  M.  (cor.) 

Kind  of  fuel — Broken  anthracite. 
Generator  fuel  per  M.  (cor.)— 29.7  to  35.7  Ibs. 
Hours  per  day  works  operation  from  4.5  to  23.8. 
Tests  Tests  are  made  at  works  laboratory. 

Samples  of  gas  taken  from  outlet  of  street  main  governor. 
Gas  has  been  exposed  to  atmospheric  temperature  in  storage 

holder  and  relief  holder. 

Type  of  calorimeter — Junkers,  1910 — American  Meter  Co. 
Type  of  photometer — U.  G.  I.  60"  Bar.  Edgerton  Standard. 

No.  7  Bray  burner. 

Temperature  of  atmosphere  ranged  from  —  4°  to  97°  P. 
Curves  Zero  lines  represent  average  heating  power  or  illuminating 

power  for  12  months — August  1,  1911,  to  July  31,  1912. 

Average  heating  power=634  B.  t.  u. 

Average  illuminating  power— 22.4  C.  P. 

VARIATIONS    IN    HEATING    POWER 

AUG.   SEPT.   OCT.   NOV.   DEC.   JAN.   FEB.   MAR.   APR.   MAY   JUNE   JULY   AUG.   SEPT.   OCT. 


10* 


10% 


VARIATIONS  IN  ILLUMINATING  POWER 

AUG.   SEPT.   OCT.   NOV.   DEC.   JAN.   FEB.   MAR.   APR.   MAY   JUNE   JULY   AUG.   SEPT.   OCT. 


20% 


10% 


10% 


20%  T 


25 


Works 
Tests 


Curves 


COMPANY  NO.  5 

Carburetted  water  gas  plant. 

Class  C— Table  I.   Page  16. 

Relief  holder  housed. 

Tests  made  at  a  test  station  one-half  mile  from  works. 

Type  of  calorimeter — Sargent. 

Temperature  of  atmosphere  ranged  from  27°  to  97°  F.  during 
period  of  tests. 

Note. — This  calorimeter  was  moved  during  December  and  Jan- 
uary to  plant  of  Company  No.  16. 

Zero  lines  represent  average  neating  power  or  illuminating 
power  for  four  months — August  1,  1911,  to  November  30, 
1911. 

Average  heating  power=627  B.  t.  u. 
Average  illuminating  power— 20.5  C.  P. 


VARIATIONS  IN  HEATING  POWER 

AUG.      SEPT.      OCT.      NOV. 


10% 


VARIATIONS  IN  ILLUMINATING  POWER 

AUG.      SEPT.      OCT.      NOV. 


20% 


10% 


20% 


26 


COMPANY  NO.  6 


Works  Carburetted  water  gas  plant. 

Class  B— Table  I.   Page  16. 

Holders — 1  housed,  1  exposed,  Works  A ;  1  exposed,  Station  B. 
Generators — U.  G.  I.' Standard — up  and  down  steam,  6'  sets. 
Operation  Enricher — Gas  oil — 3.59  to  4.11  gals,  per  M.  (cor.) 

Kind  of  fuel — Anthracite  grate. 
Generator  fuel  per  M.  (cor.)— 27.31  to  30.48  Ibs. 
Hours  per  day  works  operation  from  9.18  to  22.45. 
Tests  are  made  at  works  (A). 
Tests  Tests  are  also  made  at  outlying  station  (B).    See  next  page. 

Samples  of  gas,  works  A,  taken  at  outlet  of  station  governor. 
Type  of  calorimeter — Junkers. 

Type  of  photometer — U.  G.  I.  Standard  60"  Bar.     Edgerton 
Standard  checked  by  Pentane  lamp.    No.  7  lava  tip  burner. 
Temperature  of  atmosphere  ranged  from  —  20°  to  108°  F. 
Curves  Zero  lines  represent  the  average  heating  power  or  illuminating 

power  for  12  months— August  1,  1911,  to  July  31,  1912. 
Average  heating  power— 628  B.  t.  u. 
Average  illuminating  power=23.3  C.  P. 

TESTS  AT  WORKS 
VARIATIONS  IN   HEATING  POWER 

AUG.   SEPT.   OCT.   NOV.   DEC.   JAN.   FEB.   MAR.   APR.   MAY   JUNE   JULY   AUG.   SEPT.   OCT. 


10% 


10% 


VARIATIONS  IN  ILLUMINATING  POWER 

AUG.   SEPT.   OCT.   NOV.   DEC.   JAN.   FEB.   MAR.   APR.   MAY   JUNE   JULY   AUG.   SEPT.   OCT. 


20% 


10% 


10% 


20% 


27 


Tests 


Curves 


COMPANY  NO.  6.— (Continued.) 

Works  and  operating  data  given  on  preceding  page. 

Tests  made  at  outlying  testing  station  (B). 

Samples  of  gas  taken  from  inlet  side  of  the  governor  on  the 

outlet  of  exposed  storage  holder. 
For  course  of  gas  from  works  see  map  on  page  48. 
Type  of  calorimeter — Junkers — American  Meter  Co. 
Type   of  photometer — U.   G.   I.   Standard  60"  Bar.     Pentane 

lamp — standard.     No.  7  lava  tip  burner. 
Zero  lines  represent  average  heating  power  or  illuminating 

power  for  10  months — January  1  to  October  31,  1912. 

Average  heating  power=:624  B.  t.  u. 

Average  illuminating  power=20.5  C.  P. 
For  further  information  see  Appendix  C,  page  49. 


10% 


TESTS  AT  OUTLYING  STATION 
VARIATIONS  IN  HEATING  POWER 

JAN.       FEB.       MAR.      APR.       MAY      JUNE      JULY      AUG.       SEPT.      OCT. 


10% 


VARIATIONS  IN  ILLUMINATING  POWER 

JAN.       FEB.       MAR.       APR.       MAY      JUNE      JULY      AUG.       SEPT        OCT. 


20% 


10% 


10% 


20% 


28 


COMPANY  NO.  7. 

Works  Carburetted  water  gas  plant. 

Class  B— Table  I.  Page  16. 
Holders  exposed. 

Generators — Western  Gas  Const.  Co.,  7'  6"  sets. 

Operation  Enricher — 34°  B.  gas  oil — 3.06  to  3.84  gals,  per  M.  (cor.) 

Kind  of  fuel — Anthracite  coal. 
Generator  fuel  per  M.  (cor.) — 31.7  to  35.4  Ibs. 
Hours  per  day  works  operation  from  7.5  to  20.7. 
Tests  Tests  are  made  at  works. 

Samples  of  gas  taken  from  outlet  of  station  governor. 

Gas  has   been   exposed  to   atmospheric   temperature   in    city 

holder. 

Type  of  calorimeter — Junkers. 
Type  of  photometer — Suggs-Letherby  open  type.     Standard — 

Hefner  lamp  burning  imported  Amylacetate.     Burner — 

Argand  F. 

Temperature  of  atmosphere  ranged  from  —  20°  to  95°  F. 
Curvei  Zero  lines  represent  average  heating  power  or  illuminating 

power  for  12  months — August  1,  1911,  to  July  31,  1912. 

Average  heating  power— 621  B.  t.  u. 

Average  illuminating  power=22.7  C.  P. 

VARIATIONS  IN  HEATING  POWER 

AUG.   SEPT.   OCT.   NOV.   DEC.   JAN.   FEB.   MAR.   APR.   MAY   JUNE   JULY   AUG.   SEPT.   OCT. 


10% 


VARIATIONS  IN  ILLUMINATING  POWER 

AUG.      <JEPT.      OCT.       NOV.       DEC.      JAN.       FEB.       MAR.       APR.       MAY      JUNE      JULY      AUG.      SEPT.       OCT. 


20% 


10% 


10% 


20% 


29 


Works 


Operation 


Tests 


Curves 


Carburetted  water  gas  plant. 

Class  C— Table  I.  Page  16. 

Holders  exposed. 

Generators — 5'  and  7'  6"  sets.    Pyrometers  on  sets. 

Enrich  er — 28°  B.  oil— 3.5  to  4.65  gals,  per  M.  (cor.) 

Kind  of  fuel — Broken  antLracite  and  from  80  to  89  %  anthra- 
cite remainder  gas  house  coke  during  March,  April,  May 
and  June. 

Generator  fuel  per  M.  (cor.)— 35.90  to  40.8  Ibs. 

Hours  per  day  works  operation  from  8  to  23.8. 

Tests  are  made  at  works  (A)  and  also  made  at  testing  station 
(B).  See  next  page. 

Samples  of  gas  at  works  (A)  taken  from  distribution  main  gov- 
ernor inlet. 

Type  of  calorimeter — Junkers  and  Sargent.  (Although  re- 
sults of  tests  with  Sargent  calorimeter  were  reported,  they 
have  not  been  used  in  connection  with  accompanying 
curves  to  avoid  duplicating  curves  unnecessarily.) 

Type  of  photometer — 60"  Open  Bar.  U.  G.  I.  Standard — Gen- 
uine English  Spermaceti  candles  weighing  6  to  the  pound. 
Burner— No.  7  L.  P.  Slit  Union  Bray  and  "New  F"  Ar- 
gand  Sugg  pattern. 

Temperature  of  atmosphere  ranged  from  —  3°  to  100°  F. 

Zero  lines   represent  average  heating  power  or  illuminating 
power  for  12  months— August  1,  1911,  to  July  31,  1912. 
Average  heating  power*=616  B.  t.  u. 
Average  illuminating  power=:20  C.  P. 

N.  B. — Average  heating  power  Sargent  same  period,  616  B.  t.  u. 

*  See  also  Appendix  C,  page  56. 

TESTS  AT  WORKS 
VARIATIONS  IN   HEATING  POWER 

AUG.   SEPT.   OCT.   NOV.   DEC.   JAN.   FEB.   MAR.   APR.   MAY   JUNE   JULY   AUG.   SEPT.   OCT. 


10% 


10% 


VARIATIONS  IN  ILLUMINATING  POWER 

AUG.   SEPT.   OCT.   NOV.   DEC.   JAN.   FEB.   MAR.   APR.   MAY   JUNE   JULY   AUG.   SEPT.   OCT. 


20% 


107o 


10% 


20% 


COMPANY  NO.  8.— (Continued.) 


Tests 


Curves 


Works  and  operating  data  given  on  preceding  page. 

Tests  made  at  testing  station  (B). 

Samples  of  gas  are  taken  direct  from  service  entering  build- 
ing from  street  main. 

Type  of  calorimeter — Junkers. 

Type  of  photometer — 60"  open  Bar.  American  Meter  Co. 
Standard — Genuine  English  Spermaceti  candles  weighing 
6  to  the  pound.  Burner — No.  7  L.  P.  Slit  Union  Bray  and 
"New  F"  Argand  Sugg  pattern. 

Zero  lines  represent   average   heating  power  of  illuminating 
power  for  12  months — August  1,  1911,  to  July  31,  1912. 
Average  heating  power='609  B.  t.  u. 
Average  illuminating  power=20.2  C.  P. 

TESTS  AT  TESTING  STATION 
VARIATIONS  IN  HEATING  POWER 

AUG.   SEPT.   OCT.   NOV.   DEC.   JAN.   FEB.   MAR.   APR.   MAY   JUNE   JULY   AUG.   SEPT.   OCT. 


10% 


10% 


VARIATIONS  IN  ILLUMINATING  POWER 

AUG.   SEPT.   OCT.   NOV.   DEC.   JAN.   FEB.   MAR.   APR.   MAY   JUNE   JULY   AUG.   SEPT.   OCT. 


20% 


10% 


10% 


20% 


31 


COMPANY  NO.  9. 


Works 


Operation 


Tests 


Curves 


Carburetted  water  gas  plant. 

Class  A— Table  I.  Page  16. 

Holders  exposed. 

Generators — 11'xlG'  7"  and  12'xl6'  7"  Lowe  reverse  steam  sets. 

Indicating  and  Recording  Pyrometers. 
Enricher— 28°  B.  gas  oil — 3.41  to  4.34  gals,  per  M.  (cor.) 
.    Kind  of  fuel — Anthracite. 
Generator  fuel  per  M.  (cor.)— 30.45  to  32.67  Ibs. 
Hours  per  day  works  operation — continuous  running. 
Tests  are  made  at  testing  station  exceeding  1  mile  from  works. 
Samples  of  gas  taken  directly  from  service  entering  building 

from  the  street  main. 
Gas  has  been  exposed  to  atmospheric  temperature  in  holders 

and  ground  temperatures  in  mains. 
Type  of  calorimeter — Junkers. 
Type    of    photometer — 60"    open    Bar,    American    Meter    Co. 

Standard — Genuine  English  Spermaceti  candles  weighing 

6  to  the  pound.    Burners — No.  7  L.  P.  Slit  Union  Bray  and 

"New  F"  Argand  Sugg  pattern. 

Temperature  of  atmosphere  ranged  from  —  2°  to  98°  F. 
Zero  lines  represent  the  average  heating  power  or  illuminating 

power  for  12  months— August  1,  1911,  to  July  31,  1912. 

Average  heating  power— 609  B.  t.  u. 

Average  illuminating  power — 20.7  C.  P. 

VARIATIONS  IN -HEATING  POWER 

AUG.   SEPT.   OCT.   NOV.   DEC.   JAN.   FEB.   MAR.   APR.   MAY   JUNE   JULY   AUG.   SEPT.   OCT. 


10% 


10% 


VARIATIONS  IN   ILLUMINATING  POWER 

AUG.   SEPT.   OCT.   NOV.   DEC.   JAN.   FEB.   MAR.   APR.   MAY   JUNE   JULY   AUG.   SEPT.   OCT. 


20% 


10% 


20% 


32 


COMPANY  NO.  10. 


Works  Carburetted  water  gas  plant. 

Class  B— Table  I.  Page  16. 
Storage  holder  exposed.    Relief  holder  housed. 
Generators — 5'  Western  Gas  Const.  Co.  sets,  one  with  no  down- 
run  valve,  one  with  down-run  valve. 

Operation  Enricher — 28°  to  34°  B.  gas  oil — 3.91  to  4.47  gals,  per  M.  (cor.) 

Kind  of  fuel — Anthracite  grate. 
Generator  fuel  per  M.  (cor.)— 38.3  to  46.9  Ibs. 
Hours  per  day  works  operation — 3  1/7  to  15%. 
Tests  Tests  are  made  about  %  mile  from  works. 

Samples  of  gas  taken  direct  from  regular  service  into  the 

building. 
Gas  has  been  exposed  to  atmospheric  temperatures  in  holder 

and  to  ground  temperature  in  mains. 
Type  of  calorimeter — Sargent. 
Type    of   photometer — 80"    closed    Bar.   American   Meter   Co. 

Standard — Candles.    Burner — Either  ' '  New  F ' '  Argand  or 

No.  7  Slit  Union  Bray. 
Temperature  of  atmosphere  not  reported. 
Curves  Zero  lines  represent  the  average  heating  power  or  illuminating 

power  for  12  months — October  1,  1911,  to  September  30, 

1912. 

Average  heating  power=626  B.  t.  u. 

Average  illuminating  power=21  C.  P. 

VARIATIONS  IN  HEATING  POWER 

OCT.       NOV.       DEC.       JAN.       FEB.       MAR.      APR.        MAY      JUNE      JULY      AUG.      SEPT.      OCT. 


10% 


10% 


VARIATIONS  IN   ILLUMINATING  POWER 

OCT.       NOV.       DEC.       JAN.       FEB.       MAR.      APR.       MAY      JUNE      JULY      AUG.      SEPT.      OCT. 


20% 


10% 


10% 


20% 


33 


Tests 


Works  Mixed  coal  and  carburetted  water  gas  plant. 

Class  A— Table  I.   Page  16. 
Holders  exposed. 

Generators— 8'  6",  10'  0",  10'  0"  Twin  Gen.,  U.  G.  1.  sets. 
Benches — 10  Parker  &  Russell  9s. 

Operation  Water  gas — Enricher — 35°  to  37°  B.  gas  oil — 3.77  to  4.48  gals, 

per  M.  (cor.) 

Kind  of  fuel — Anthracite  coal,  retort  coke  and  oven 
coke. 

Generator  fuel  per  M.  (cor.)— 32.27  to  36.19  Ibs. 
Hours  per  day  works  operation — continuous  running. 
Coal  gas — Kind  of  coal — Pennsylvania  gas  coal. 

Yield  per  Ib.  coal  cor.  gas — 4.71  to  4.96  cu.  ft. 
Duration  of  charge — 4  hours. 
Mixed  gas — Mixture  from  16.4%   coal  gas  and  83.6%  water 

gas  to  24.7%  coal  gas  and  75.3%  water  gas. 
Tests  are  made  at  works. 
Tests  were  made  of  the  earburetted  water  gas,  of  the  coal  gas 

and  also  of  the  mixed  gas. 

Type  of  calorimeter — Junkers — American  Meter  Co. 
Type  of  photometer — not  reported.     Burner — No.  7  Bray  Slit 

Union. 

Temperature  of  atmosphere  ranged  from  --4°  to  94°  F. 
The  curves  given  below  are  for  the  mixed-coal  and  carburetted 
water  gas.     (Curves  for  straight  coal  gas  are  on  following 
page.) 

Zero  lines  represent   average  heating  power  or  illuminating 
power  for  12  months— August  1.  1911,  to  July  31,  1912. 
Average  heating  power=638  B.  t.  u. 
Average  illuminating  power— 20.6  C.  P. 

VARIATIONS  IN   HEATING  POWER 

AUG.   SEPT.   OCT.   NOV.   DEC.   JAN.   FEB.   MAR.   APR.   MAY   JUNE   JULY   AUG.   SEPT.   OCT. 


10% 


Curves 


10% 


VARIATIONS  IN   ILLUMINATING  POWER 

AUG.      SEPT.      OCT.       NOV.       DEC.      JAN.       FEB.       MAR.      APR.       MAY      JUNE      JULY      AUG.      SEPT.      OCT. 


20% 


10% 


10% 


20% 


COMPANY  NO.  11.— (Continued.) 

Unenriched  coal  gas. 

Data  regarding  works,  operation  and  tests  are  given  on  pre- 
ceding page. 

Curves  Zero  lines  represent  average  heating  power  or  illuminating 

power  for  12  months — August  1,  1911,  to  July  31.  1912. 
Average  heating  power=611  B.  t.  u. 
Average  illuminating  power=14.3  C.  P. 


UNENRICHED  COAL  GAS 
VARIATIONS  IN   HEATING  POWER 

AUG.   SEPT.   OCT.   NOV.   DEC.   JAN.   FEB.   MAR.   APR.   MAY   JUNE   JULY   AUQ.   SEPT.   OCT. 


10% 


VARIATIONS  IN  ILLUMINATING  POWER 

AUG.   SEPT.   OCT.   NOV.   DEC.   JAN.   FEB.   MAR.   APR.   MAY   JUNE   JULY   AUQ.   SEPT.   OCT. 


20% 


10% 


10% 


20% 


35 


COMPANY  NO.  12 


Works  Mixed  coal  and  carburetted  water  gas  plant. 

Class  A— Table  I.   Page  16. 
One  holder  exposed,  others  housed. 
Generators— 7'  6"  H.  &  G.  and  8'  6"  U.  G.  I. 
Benches — %  depth  horizontal. 

Operation  Water  gas — Enricher — 35°  B.  gas  oil — 3.52  to  4.33  gals,  per 

M.  (cor.) 

Kind  of  fuel — Retort  house  coke. 
Generator  fuel  per  M.  (cor.) — 27.96  to  33.45  Ibs. 
Hours  per  day  works  operation — continuous  running. 
Coal  gas — Kind  of  coal — Pennsylvania  gas  coal. 

Yield  per  Ib.  coal  (cor.)  gas — 4.55  to  5.22  cu.  ft. 
Duration  of  charge — 4  hours. 
Mixed  gas — Mixture  from  19.21%  coal  gas  and  80.79%  water 

gas  to  26.8%  coal  gas  and  73.2%  water  gas. 
Tests  Tests  are  made  at  works. 

Samples  of  gas  taken  at  inlet  to  works  governor. 
Type  of  calorimeter — Junkers. 

Type  of  photometer — 60"  Standard  U.  G.  I.  Bar.  Standard— 
Edgerton  standard  checked  daily  by  Pentane  lamp 
Burner — 7'  lava  tip  burner. 

Temperature  of  atmosphere  ranged  from  —  8°  to  116°  F. 
Curves  Zero  lines  represent  average  heating  power  or  illuminating 

power  for  12  months — August  1,  1911,  to  July  31,  1912. 
Average  heating  power=622  B.  t.  u. 
Average  illuminating  power— 21.2  C.  P. 

VARIATIONS    IN    HEATING    POWER 

AUG.   SEPT.   OCT.   NOV.   DEC.   JAN.   FEB.   MAR.   APR.   MAY   JUNE   JULY   AUG.   SEPT.   OCT. 


10% 


VARIATIONS  IN  ILLUMINATING  POWER 

AUG.   SEPT.   OCT.   NOV.   DEC.   JAN.   FEB.   MAR.   APR.   MAY   JUNE   JULY   AUG.   SEPT.   OCT. 


20% 


10% 


10%  - 


20% 


COMPANY  NO.  13 

Works  Mixed  coal  and  carburetted  water  gas  plant. 

Class  C— Table  I.   Page  16. 
Holders  housed. 
Generator — 6'  Lowe  set. 

Operation  Water  gas — Enricher — gas  oil — 3.4  to  4.3  gals,  per  M.  (cor.) 

Kind  of  fuel — Coke. 

Generator  fuel  per  M.  (cor.) — 41.09  to  48  Ibs. 
Hours  per  day  works  operation  from  2  hrs.  43  min. 
to  12  hrs.  45  min. 
Coal  gas — Kind  of  coal — Pennsylvania. 

Yield  per  Ib.  coal  (cor.) — 4.75  to  5.5  cu.  ft. 
Duration  of  charge — from  4  hrs.  to  6  hrs.  20  min. 
Mixed  gas — Mixture  from  53  %  coal  gas  and  47%  water  gas 

to  68%  coal  gas  and  32%  water  gas. 
Tests  Tests  are  made  at  office. 

Type  of  calorimeter — Junkers. 

Temperature    of    atmosphere    not    reported    regularly — from 

- 10°  to  probable  100°  F. 

Curves  Zero  lines  represent  average  heating  power  or  illuminating 

power  for  12  months — August  1,  1911,  to  July  31,  1912. 
Average  heating  power=630  B.  t.  u. 
Average  illuminating  power=18.5  C.  P. 

VARIATIONS  IN   HEATING  POWER 

AUG.      SEPT.       OCT.       NOV.      DEC.       JAN.       FEB.       MAR.      APR.       MAY      JUNE      JULY      AUG.       SEPT.      OCT. 


10% 


10% 


VARIATIONS  IN  ILLUMINATING  POWER 

AUG.   SEPT.   OCT.   NOV.   DEC.   JAN.   FEB.   MAR.   APR.   MAY   JUNE   JULY   AUG.   SEPT.   OCT. 


10% 


10% 


20% 


37 


COMPANY  NO.  14 


Works 


Operation 


Tests 


Curves 


Mixed  coal  and  carburetted  water  gas  plant. 

Class  C— Table  I.  Page  16. 

Holders — at  works,  exposed.    Outlying,  housed. 

Generators — 5'  double  superheater,  Lowe  set,  U.  G.  I.  pattern 

with  down-run  connections. 

Benches — %  depth  benches  of  6s  by  Improved  Equipment  Co. 
Water  gas — Enricher — gas  oil — 3.93  to  4.63  gals,  per  M.  (cor.) 
Kind  of  fuel — Gas  coke. 

Generator  fuel  per  M.  (cor.)— 34.37  to  39.28  Ibs. 
Hours  per  day  works  operation  from  5  hrs.  38  min.  to 
17  hrs.  15  min. 
Coal  gas — Kind  of  coal — Pennsylvania. 

Yield  per  Ib.  coal  (cor.)— 4.29  to  4.96  cu.  ft. 
Duration  of  charge — 4  hours. 
Mixed  gas — Mixture  from  31.18%  coal  gas  and  68.82%  water 

gas  to  54%  coal  gas  and  46%  water  gas. 
Tests  made  at  office  3^  miles  from  works. 
Samples  of  gas  taken  from  regular  distribution  main  through 

service  entering  building. 

Type  of  calorimeter — Junkers — American  Meter  Co. 
Type  of  photometer — 60"  open  Bar.  U.  G.  I.  Standard — Double 
candles.    Burner — Sugg  F  or  occasionally  Sugg  D  or  Bray 
special. 

Temperature  of  atmosphere  ranged  from  22°  to  84°  F. 
Zero  lines  represent  average  heating  power  or  illuminating 
power  for  7  months — April  1  to  October  31,  1912. 
Average  heating  power=616  B.  t.  u. 
Average  illuminating  power — 18.7  C.  P. 


VARIATIONS  IN  HEATING  POWER 

APR.       MAY      JUNE      JULY      AUG.      SEPT.      OCT. 


10% 


10% 


VARIATIONS  IN  ILLUMINATING  POWER 

APR.       MAY      JUNE      JULY      AUG.       SEPT.      OCT. 


20% 


10% 


10% 


2O% 


38 


COMPANY  NO.  15 

Works  Carburetted  water  gas  plant.' 

Class  A— Table  I.   Page  16. 

Holders  exposed. 

Generators — 9'  and  12'  Williamson. 
Operation  Enricher — 34.1°  B.  gas  oil. 

Kind  of  fuel — Anthracite  coal  and  coke. 

Hours  per  day  works  operation — 12  to  18  hours. 

For   information   regarding   transmission,   see   map,   page   51, 
and  explanation  of  tests,  page  49. 

Tests   not  having   been  started  until   September   1,   1912,   no 
diagram  has  been  made  of  the  results. 

COMPANY  NO.  16 

Works  Carburetted  water  gas  plant. 

Class  B— Table  I.   Page  16. 
Holders  exposed. 

Operation  Enricher — Gas  oil — 3.60  to  4.21  gals,  per  M.  (cor.) 

Kind  of  fuel — Anthracite. 
Generator  fuel  per  M.  (cor.)— 33.82  to  41  Ibs. 
Hours  per  day  works  operation  from  6.24  to  14.4. 

Tests  Tests  are  made  at  testing  station,  iy2  miles  from  works. 

Type  of  calorimeter — Sargent. 

Temperature  of  atmosphere  ranged  from  2°  to  102°  F. 

Curves  Zero  lines  represent  average  heating  power  or  illuminating 

power  for  9   months — February  1  to   October   31,   1912. 
Average  heating  power— 625  B.  t.  u. 
Average  illuminating  power— 20.9  C.  P. 

VARIATIONS  IN  HEATING  POWER 

FEB.      MAR.      APR.       MAY      JUNE      JULY      AUG.      SEPT.      OCT. 


10% 


10% 


VARIATIONS  IN   ILLUMINATING  POWER 

FEB.       MAR.       APR.       MAY      JUNE      JULY      AUG.       SEPT        OCT. 


20% 


10% 


10% 


20% 


39 


7.  The  accompanying  diagram  has  been  prepared  for  the  purpose  of  de- 
monstrating the  fallacy  of  the  impression  which  still  exists  in  some  quarters 
that  there  is  a  definite  relation  between  the  illuminating  power  and  the  heating 
power  of  the  gas.    The  results  of  all  tests,  made  at  the  works,  of  coal  gas,  car- 
buretted  water  gas,  and  mixed  coal  and  carburetted  water  gas,  have  been  con- 
sidered in  the  preparation  of  this  diagram  with  the  exception  of  tests  of  unen- 
riched  coal  gas.    Tests  showing  a  heating  power  below  575  or  above  650  have 
also  been  excluded,  as  they  were  exceptional  and  as  they  were  doubtless  due 
to  some  extraordinary  conditions. 

8.  With  the  exceptions  noted,  all  of  the  results  obtained  during  the  fifteen 
months  covered  by  the  tests  when  plotted  fall  within  the  shaded  portion  of  the 
diagram.    In  other  words,  gas  having  a  heating  power  of  575  B.  t.  u.  has  been 
shown  to  have  an  illuminating  power  anywhere  between  the  limits  of  16.6  and 
21.4  candle  power.    Similarly,  gas  of  620  B.  t.  u.  is  shown  to  have  an  illuminat- 
ing power  anywhere  between  the  limits  of  16.8  and  25.6  candle  power. 

9.  It  might  have  been  expected  that  the  limits  would  be  fairly  wide  apart 
in  all  cases,  but  that  the  tendency  of  the  shaded  portion  of  the  diagram  would 
follow  a  direction  corresponding  to  higher  candle  power  for  higher  heating 
values.     Possibly  if  all  of  the  tests  were  plotted  and  the  values  weighed  a 
tendency  of  this  character  would  be  noted.     It  is,  however,  a  fact  that  the 
minimum  candle  power,  reported  at  any  time  14.9  candle  power,  was  found 
when  the  gas  had  a  heating  power  of  590  B.  t.  u.  and  that  the  next  lowest 
candle  power,  15.1  candle  power,  was  found  when  the  gas  had  a  heating  power 
of  638  B.  t.  u.     Similarly,  the  highest  candle  power  reported,  26.8   candle 
power,  occurred  when  the  gas  had  a  heating  power  of  634  B.  t.  u. ;  the  next 
highest  candle  power,  26.6  candle  power,  occurred  when  the  gas  had  a  heat- 
ing power  of  629  and  632 ;  the  third  highest  candle  power,  26.5  candle  power, 
occurred  on  five  occasions,  the  gas  having  heating  power  of  603,  627,  633,  634 
and  639. 

(See  Diagram  on  opposite  page.) 


40 


Range  in  candle  power,  at  works,  of  gas  having  heating  values 
of  from  575  to  650  B  t.  u. 


41 


APPENDIX  C 


Manufacture  and  Distribution  with  Reference  to  Illuminating  Value 

and  Heating  Value 

UNENEICHED  COAL  GAS 

1.  Only  one  Company  (No.  11)  participating  in  the  investigation  reported 
the  illuminating  value  and  heating  value  of  straight  unenriched  coal  gas.   From 
the  reports  submitted  it  has  been  found  that  the  average  illuminating  value 
of  this  coal  gas,  for  a  full  year,  as  read  at  the  manufacturing  plant,  is  14.3 
candle  power,  with  a  maximum  individual  daily  reading  of  18.1  and  a  mini- 
mum of  11.4 — on  a  No.  7  Bray  special  burner.    This  gas  is  reported  to  be  made 
from  the  best  gas  coal  obtainable,  and  generated  under  good  average  condi- 
tions in  horizontal  retorts,  with  yields  of  only  4.71  to  4.96  cu.  ft. 

2.  The  present  State  requirements  demand  at  the  testing  station  a  16 
candle  power  coal  gas.     It  will  be  seen  that  under  these  requirements,  the 
manufacture  and  sale  of  straight  coal  gas,  without  enrichment,  is  not  per- 
missable.    To  meet  the  requirements  a  coal  gas  must  be  enriched  the  greater 
part  of  the  year  with  either  gas  made  from  eannel  coal  or  gas  made  from  oil. 

3.  Should  a  coal  gas  be  enriched  by  mixing  with  a  carburetted  water  gas, 
the  gas  would  then  be  classified  as  a  mixed  gas  and  the  present  requirements 
would  demand  18  candle  power.     To  obtain  this  result  would  mean  a  large 
percentage  of  a  high  candle  power  water  gas — from  22  to  25  candle  power — to 
bring  the  mixture  up  to  the  required  quality,  an  increasingly  difficult  process 
with  the  deterioration  in  the  quality  of  oil  obtainable. 

4.  The  enrichment  of  coal  gas  with  a  gas  made  from  eannel  coal  is  not 
generally  practiced.     The  coke  made  from  this  coal  is  of  little  value  as  a 
by-product,  and  if  mixed  with  the  coke  obtained  from  gas  coal,  reduces  the 
value  of  the  entire  product,  thus  increasing  the  cost  of  manufacture  without 
compensating  results  in  the  quality  of  gas  thus  obtained.     The  supply  of  a 
good  grade  of  eannel  coal  is  limited,  and  if  generally  used,  it  is  doubtful 
whether  an  adequate  supply  could  be  obtained.     This  method  of  enrichment 
is  used  only  under  peculiar  and  unusual  conditions. 

5.  Enrichment  with  heavy  oil  by  generating  oil  gas  in  coal  gas  retorts 
has  been  considered  generally  inefficient  and  expensive;  and  light  oils  are  no 
longer  available.    It  is  a  practice  that,  where  possible,  has  been  abandoned  by 
nearly  all  coal  gas  companies;  but   some  method  of  enrichment  is  compulsory 
under  the  present  requirements  of  this  State. 

6.  Benzol  enrichment,  so-called,  consists  of  adding  light  oil  vapors  in 
the  shape  of  benzol  and  toluol  to  the  gas  in  the  form  of  a  spray,  to  increase  its 
illuminating  value.     This  increase  is  only  effective  under  certain  favorable 
conditions  and  is  lost,  to  some  extent,  when  the  gas  is  further  subjected  to  low 
temperatures  or  high  pressures.      (See  pages  45  and  46,  paragraphs  25,  26 
and  27.) 

7.  In  enriching  coal  gas  by  making  a  mixed  gas,  the  present  standards 
demand  an  illuminating  value  two  candles  higher  than  required  for  coal  gas. 
-This  method  of  manufacture  was  employed  by  Companies  11,  12,  13  and  14, 
but  only  one  of  these  Companies  (11)  reported  the  illuminating  value  and  heat- 
ing value  of  the  two  gases  separately,  and  it  will  be  seen  from  the  following 

42 


table,  which  is  a  summary  of  its  results,  that  a  corresponding  increase  in  the 
heating  value  was  not  obtained  in  the  effort  to  bring  the  illuminating  value  of 
the  mixed  gas  up  to  the  required  standard.  It  is  seen  that  while  the  illuminat- 
ing value  of  the  coal  gas  is  increased  about  45  per  cent.,  the  heating  value  is 
only  increased  5  per  cent.  It  should  also  be  noted  that  the  coal  gas  is  mixed 
with  three  to  four  times  its  own  volume  of  carburetted  water  gas  of  high 
illuminating  value. 

Coal  Gas.  Carburetted  Mixed   Gas. 

Water   Gas. 

Illuminating  value    14.3  C.  P.  22.5  C.  P.  20.6  C.  P. 

Calorific   value    609  B.  t.  u.  647  B.  t.  u.  639  B.  t.  u. 

8.  The  results  of  the  entire  fifteen  months'  readings  by  this  Company, 
as  reported  to  the  Committee,  on  the  illuminating  value  and  the  heating  value 
of  the  straight  coal  gas,  are  shown  below. 

9.  This  gas  was  made  from  Pennsylvania  gas  coal  in  stop  end  retorts  and 
is  straight  coal  gas  without  enrichment;  the  illuminating  value  being  deter- 
mined on  a  No.  7  Bray  special  burner.    The  minimum  day's  reading  for  each 
month  and  the  average  for  the  month,  are  shown,  as  well  as  the'  average  for 
the  entire  fifteen  months.     (See  also  Appendix  B,  pages  34  and  35.) 

Company  No.  11 — Straight  Unenriched  Coal  Gas: 

Month — 1911.  Candle   Power.  B.    t.   u. 

Min.  Avg.  Min.  Avg. 

August    13.3  14.9  546  602 

September .  13.3  15.3  587  616 

October    11.7  13.5  584  611 

November    11.5  13.8  586  607 

December 12.7  14.2  573  621 

1912. 

January    12.4  13.7  580  628 

February 12.4  13.7  579  614 

March   12.2  14.9  550  612 

April 11.4  13.5  578  612 

May 12.6  14.7  570  601 

June   13.9  15.3  561  610 

July 12.5  14.3  565  593 

August    12.3  13.7  569  591 

September    12.2  14.2  557  595 

October    .                                           ..  11.7  13.1  562  592 


Minimum 13.1  591 

10.  The  following  figures  (Par.  11)  show  the  result  from  a  coal  gas  plant 
— not  participating  in  the  investigation — using  coal  with  a  volatile 
constituent  of  36  per  cent.,  by  weight,  and  producing  a  straight  unenriched 
coal  gas. 

1«1.  The  generators  and  settings  are  designed  to  give  a  maximum  yield 
of  gas  per  pound  of  coal.  The  retorts  are  set  horizontally  and  machine 
stoked.  All  results  are  corrected  as  to  temperature  and  pressure.  The  burner 
is  the  new  Sugg  F,  Argand.  The  heat  unit  averages  are  the  result  of  ten  calor- 
imetric  tests  per  month.  A  year's  results  are  as  follows: 

Average  Heating          Average    Illuminating          Yield    Per    Lb. 

Month.  Value   of  Gas.  .   Value  of  Gas.  Coal. 

B.  t.  u.  Candle  Power.  Cu.    Ft. 

January  556.1  14.54  5.36 

February 567.3  14.79  5.17 

March 573.7  14.79  5.26 

April   568.3  14.32  5.21 

May 594.2  14.82  5.25 

June 600.5  14.74  5.24 

July 600.9  14.16  5.19 

August   602.3  14.32  5.28 

43 


September    596.6  14.34  5.21 

October    599.6  14.30  5.19 

November 589.1  14.14  5.20 

December  .  583.0  14.64  5.17 


Minimum    «.     556.1  14.14  5.17 

12.  For  the  purpose  of  confirming  the  above  results,  we  submit  the  aver- 
age candle  power  of  straight  unenriched  coal  gas  manufactured  by  two  large 
gas  plants,  for  each  month  covering  a  period  of  two  years. 

13.  These  values,  which  are  the  averages  of  hourly  readings,  are  indi- 
cative of  the  illuminating  value  that  may  be  obtained  in  an  efficiently  man- 
aged plant,  using  the  best  West  Virginia  gas  coal,  in  horizontal  retorts.  Candle 
power  readings  were  made  each  hour  of  the  twenty-four,  on  a  No.  7  flat  flame 
burner  against  a  pentane  lamp.     Candle  power  variations  are  due  largely  to 
changes  from  freshly  mined  coal  to  stored  coal.     Yield  slightly  in  excess  of 
5  feet  per  pound. 

Plant   1.  Plant  2. 

Candle  Power  Candle  Power 

1910.  1911.  1910.  1911. 

January  12.61  11.44  12.65  11.97 

February    12.40  12.20  13.34  13.28 

March   12.00  13.01  13.50  12.63 

April   12.69  12.46  12.91  12.11 

May  11.65  13.00  12.03  13.08 

June   11.96  12.68  11.84  13.22 

July 11.44  13.11  11.40  13.11 

August    11.25  12.20  12.07  11.82 

September    11.39  13.30  12.27  13.10 

October 11.11  13.62  13.38  12.83 

November    12.60  13.34  11.96  12.37 

December  12.59  12.80  12.54  13.99 


Average    11.97  12.76  12.49  32.79 


RECENT  DEVELOPMENTS  IN  COAL  GAS  MANUFACTURE 

14.  Recent  developments  in  connection  with  the  manufacture  of  coal  gas 
have  appeared  in  the  form  of  vertical  gas  retorts  and  chamber  ovens.    Among 
the  features  of  these  types  of  installation  have  been  improvements  in  the  meth- 
ods of  handling  materials  and  by-products.     The  character  of  construction  of 
these  retorts  has  permitted  the  adoption  of  devices  for  charging  coal  and  dis- 
charging coke  that  have  eliminated  much  of  the  heavy  work  of  stoking  labor, 
which  is  particularly  arduous  during  the  hot  summer  months. 

15.  The  installation  of  these  types  of  retorts  has  been  of  benefit  in  the 
saving  of  ground  space  occupied  and  in  some  instances  in  overcoming  the 
ventilation  retort  house  problems  during  the  time  of  charging  and  discharging. 

16.  Gasifying  coal  in  bulk  in  relatively  large  units  has  allowed  a  longer 
time  for  carbonization  of  the  charge,  and  has  been  somewhat  effectual  in  in- 
creasing the  total  yield  of  gas  from  an  equal  quantity  of  coal,  with,  however, 
a  slight  reduction  in  the  heating  value  and  illuminating  value  per  thousand. 

17.  Lengthening  the  carbonizing  time  has  been  helpful  in  increasing  the 
total  heat  in  resultant  gas,  per  ton  of  coal  carbonized,  thereby  producing  a 
general  economic  saving. 

44 


18.  Developments  along  this  line  are  showing  rapid  improvements  at  the 
present  time  and  it  seems  advisable  that  the  quality  requirements  of  a  gas 
should  be  so  placed  as  to  allow  the  adoption  and  use  of  these  more  recent  meth- 
ods in  the  manufacture  of  coal  gas  throughout  this  State. 


COKE  OVEN  GAS 

19.  During  the  past  decade  a  large  number  of  coke  oven  plants  have  been 
erected  throughout  the  United  States.    Many  of  these  plants  were  installed  in 
connection  with  industrial  undertakings,  requiring  coke  for  their  operation, 
and  where  they  have  been  compelled  to  seek  a  market  for  the  by-product  gas. 

20.  In  many  instances  the  coals  used  by  these  coke  ovens  were  selected 
for  their  ability  to  produce  a  good  metallurgical  coke  and  often  these  ovens 
were  not  operated  to  handle  by-product  gas  most  efficiently.    But  in  later  years 
the  methods  of  operating  coke  ovens  have  been  somewhat  modified,  with  the 
result  that  the  quality  of  the  gas  has  been  much  improved.    "With  a  selection  of 
coals  better  suited  for  gas-making  purposes,  a  better  quality  of  gas  may  be 
expected  from  the  coke  ovens.     But  where  these  ovens  are  operated  for  the 
purpose  of  producing  a  high-grade  furnace  coke,  and  not  primarily  for  the 
production  of  gas,  the  so-called  best  gas  coals  cannot  be  used  to  the  best 
advantage,  and,  therefore,  we  probably  will  not  see  the  highest  quality  of 
coal  gas  made  in  coke  oven  plants. 

21.  A  number  of  instances  have  already  arisen  where  such  by-product 
coke  oven  gas  could  have  been  utilized  to  advantage.    The  heating  value  ap- 
proached that  of  unenriched  retort  coal  gas,  and  could  have  been  made  to 
equal  it  by  enrichment,  or  mixture  with  carburetted  water  gas.    The  illuminat- 
ing value,  however,  could  not  be  brought  up  to  the  present  requirements, 
except  by  enriching  costs  that  were  commercially  prohibitive,  or  by  using 
too  large  a  percentage  of  carburetted  water  gas,  and  therefore  the  supply 
could  not  be  availed  of.     To  permit  the  utilization  of  this  gas  by  proper 
standards  would  prevent  this  useless  waste,  and  would  constitute  a  great  eco- 
nomic saving. 

22.  It  seems  probable  that  such  situations  will  occur  more  frequently  in 
the  future  than  in  the  past  and  it  would  appear  to  be  good  public  policy  to 
permit  the  use  of  such  gas  for  general  distribution. 

23.  Coke  oven  gas  has  been  used  by  many  gas  companies  in  other  States, 
in  whole  or  in  part,  for  distribution  to  general  consumers. 

24.  The  treatment  of  this  gas,  in  a  number  of  instances,  by  manufacturing 
companies,  however,  is  quite  different  from  that  of  ordinary  coal  gas  produced 
by  gas  companies,  in  that  the  operators  of  the  coke  ovens  scrub  the  gas  and 
remove  the  light  oil  vapors,  consisting  of  benzol,  toluol  and  xylol,  reducing  to 
a  considerable  extent  its  illuminating  value,  at  the  same  time  reducing  in  a 
slight  degree  only  its  heating  value. 

25.  In  a  number  of  cases  where  coke  oven  gas  has  been  purchased  by  the 
gas  companies,  its  illuminating  value  has  been  restored  by  the  addition  of  re- 
fined benzol  to  a  value  even  greater  than  that  of  the  gas  before  it  was  first 
scrubbed. 

26.  This  method  of  increasing  the  low  illuminating  value  of  this  gas  has 
been  the  result  of  a  requirement  for  a  higher  illuminating  value,  which  has 
been  obtained  without  a  corresponding  increase  in  heating  value.     And  the 
addition  of  this  increase  in  illuminating  value  may  not  be  considered  at  all 

45 


times  to  be  permanent.  Under  certain  conditions  where  the  unfixed  hydro 
carbon  vapors  have  been  removed  in  a  previous  washing  and  scrubbing  of  the 
gas,  the  imparted  enrichment  from  benzol  is  more  effective,  as  the  gas  is  in  a 
condition  to  absorb  these  vaporous  hydro-carbons  having  such  a  relatively 
low  percentage  of  saturation.  Under  these  conditions  the  increased  illuminat- 
ing value  will  stand  with  rather  severe  changes  in  temperature  and  pressure, 
and  the  gas  may  be  considered  suitable  for  general  consumption  where  the 
illuminating  requirements  are  low,  but  where  a  normal  heating  value  is 
demanded. 

27.  But,  as  a  general  rule,  the  enrichment  or  increase  in  illuminating 
value  of  any  gas,  by  the  addition  of  benzol,  may  not  be  considered  permanent 
and  its  addition  has  a  tendency  to  create  a  gas  variable  in  quality  when  deliv- 
ered to  the  consumer  and  objectionable  because  of  carbon  deposit  in  burners 
and  mantles. 

28.  Carburetted  water  gas  has  been  used  as  an  enricher  for  coke  oven  gas, 
and  its  use  may  be  successfully  employed  where  the  requirements  do  not 
demand  an  illuminating  value  above  that  of  unenriched  retort  coal  gas,  but 
otherwise  the  quantity  of  carburetted  water  gas  necessary  for  this  enrichment 
results  in  too  great  a  proportion  of  the  total  amount  of  gas  supplied. 

29.  Carburetted  water  gas  may  be  used  to  advantage  to  provide  any 
deficiency  in  supply  and  to  take  care  of  the  peak  loads  where  the  coke  oven 
gas  is  produced  at  a  uniform  rate  from  day  to  day,  and  provide  reserve  in 
times  of  a  depressed  market  for  furnace  coke. 


CARBURETTED  WATER  GAS 

30.  An  analysis  of  the  records  of  the  Companies  manufacturing  car- 
buretted water  gas,  and  reporting  their  results,  shows  a  great  variation  in  both 
illuminating  value  and  heating  value,  and  proves  conclusively  that  there  is  no 
positive  relation  between  illuminating  value  and  heating  value. 

31.  It  has  been  proven,  however,  that  in  general  the  carburetted  water 
gas  of  the  highest  average  illuminating  value  has  had  the  highest  heating 
value,  as  the  illumination  imparted  to  the  open  flame  is  a  function  of  the 
quantity  as  well  as  the  quality  of  oil  used,  considering  the  manufacturing 
apparatus  is  operated  with  equal  efficiency.     It  has  also  been  demonstrated 
that  the  heating  value  is  a  factor  of  the  quantity  of  oil  used,  but  there  are 
limits  to  the  quantity  of  oil  that  can  be  efficiently  handled  and  turned  into  a 
constituent  gas. 

32.  Therefore  gases  of  equal  illuminating  value  do  not  necessarily  have 
equal  heating  value  and  vice  versa.     This  is  true  of  the  gas  when  manufac- 
tured, without  introducing  any  of  the  uncertain  elements  of  distribution.   Such 
a  condition  is  due  more  particularly  to  the  variation  in  oil  efficiencies  obtained 
in  producing  illuminating  value,  and  which  are  occasioned  by  different  types 
of  generating  apparatus  and  different  methods  and  constituents  of  operation, 
as  well  as  the  quality  of  the  oil  available.    These  economies  or  efficiencies  are 
greatly  influenced  by  climatic  and  temperature  conditions,  which  cause  extreme 
variations  between  the  warm  summer  months  and  the  cold  winter  months. 
And  the  economic  results  obtained  by  scientifically  operated  plants  cannot  be 
expected  of  all  plants  throughout  an  entire  State. 

33.  In  the  plants  of  the  reporting  Companies,  the  conditions  of  gas  manu- 
facture vary  greatly  and  some  variation  in  the  results  obtained  was,  therefore, 
to  be  expected.    At  the  same  time,  the  location  of  the  testing  station,  whether 
at  the  works  or  at  some  remote  point  in  the  distribution  system,  introduced 
factors  that  had  to  be  considered  in  making  an  analysis  of  the  results  obtained. 

46 


We  believe,  however,  that  the  reports  indicate  what  may  be  considered  as  good 
practice,  representing  fair  and  average  conditions  of  operation,  and  that  the 
conclusions  drawn  are  based  on  representative  data. 

34.  As  regulatory  requirements  have  frequently  been  based  on  monthly 
averages,  an  analysis  has  been  made  of  the  results  obtained  by  months,  and 
from  these  results  have  been  calculated  the  heating  value  imparted  to  the  car- 
buretted  water  gas  per  gallon  of  oil  employed  in  manufacture. 

35.  From  the  tests  made  by  six  of  the  Companies  the  heating  value  of 
the  gas,  as  read  at  the  works,  for  a  whole  year,  averaged  162  heat  units  per 
cubic  foot,  per  gallon  of  oil  used  per  thousand  cubic  feet;  while  the  average 
obtained  in  the  summer  months  was  168  and  in  the  winter  months  157.     The 
minimum  monthly  average  for  all  plants  was  151  heat  units.    These  same  tests 
show  that  in  one  plant  the  average  for  an  entire  month  was  only  141  heat 
units  per  gallon  of  oil  used.    The  indications  are  that  a  yearly  average  of  150 
heat  units  per  gallon,  per  thousand  cubic  feet,  can  be  obtained  with  good 
operating  conditions. 

36.  It  is  evident  from  the  reports  made  by  four  of  the  Companies,  testing 
at  a  point  some  distance  from  the  works,  that  the  heating  value  delivered 
would  be  somewhat  below  this  figure.    These  plants  show  a  yearly  average  of 
154  heat  units  per  gallon  of  oil  used,  with  an  average  of  167  during  the  sum- 
mer months,  and  an  average  of  146  heat  units  during  the  winter  months.    The 
minimum  for  all  plants  for  any  month  occurred  during  January,  when  142 
heat  units  per  gallon  of  oil  was  delivered,  with  an  individual  plant  average  in 
any  month  of  139  heat  units  per  gallon. 

37.  The  above  figures  indicate  that,  on  the  basis  of  the  average  quantity 
of  oil  used  in  these  ten  plants  during  twelve  months,  at  least  150  heat  units 
per  gallon  of  oil  during  the  winter  months  may  be  expected  when  measure- 
ments are  taken  .at  the  works,  or  140  heat  units  per  gallon  of  oil  when  measured 
at  a  point  some  distance  from  the  works. 

38.  The  quantity  of  oil  used  as  an  average  by  all  the  Companies  was 
about  3.9  gallons,  and  if  this  is  considered  as  a  normal  quantity  to  be  used, 
then  the  average  heating  value  for  any  one  month,  of  a  gas,  as  read  at  the 
works,  would  be  3.9x150  or  585  heat  units. 

39.  The  average  quantity  of  oil  used  in  the  above  deduction  represents 
the  conditions  when  manufacturing  gas  to  meet  the  present  illuminating  stand- 
ard.    To  meet  such  a  standard  requires  the  manufacture  of  a  gas  having  an 
illuminating  value  of  from  6  to  8  per  cent,  higher  than  that  specified  in  the 
standard,  on  account  of  the  impossibility  of  manufacturing  gas  of  an  exact 
illuminating  value  and  the  necessity  for  an  excess  in  quality  to  allow  for  vari- 
able losses  due  to  handling,  to  transmission  and  to  changes  in  temperature. 


40.  In  addition  to  determining  the  heating  value  and  the  illuminating 
value  of  gas  as  generated  at  and  delivered  from  various  gas  plants,  it  was 
deemed  essential  by  the  Committee  to  discover — as  far  as  the  present  operat- 
ing conditions  would  permit— the  effect  on  the  quality  of ,  the  gas  of  trans- 
mission through  distribution  systems.  It  was  known  that  losses  in  the  quality 
of  a  gas  occur  during  transmission,  caused  by  the  scrubbing  action  on  the  gas 
in  passing  through  the  mains,  which  is  aggravated  by  a  reduction  in  tempera- 
ture and  by  any  increase  in  pressure.  Readings,  therefore,  were  taken,  where 
opportunity  permitted,  to  determine  the  extent  of  losses  due  to  these  factors. 

47 


CA6   WORKS 


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COMPANY  WO. 


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41.  At  the  beginning  of  the  investigation  there  was  little  authoritative 
data  available  relating  to  this  question.    At  the  suggestion  of  the  Committee, 
however,  some  experiments  were  undertaken  to  determine  the  effect  of  dis- 
tribution under  varying  conditions. 

42.  During  a  period  of  eleven  months,  beginning  January,  1912,  read- 
ings were  taken  by  one  of  the  participating  Companies  (No.  6)  of  the  illumi- 
nating value  and  heating  value  of  carburetted  water  gas  as  manufactured,  and 
again  as  delivered  in  an  outlying  district  three  miles  distant,  at  the  end  of  a 
pumping  main;  the  initial  pressures  being  from  eight  to  fifteen  inches  water 
pressure.     These  readings  were  made  daily— with  some  few  exceptions — and 
include  some  294  individual  tests  for  both  heating  and  illuminating  value.    (See 
tables  II.  and  III.,  Appendix  A,  page  18.) 

The  location  of  the  works  and  the  testing  stations  are  shown  on  the  map, 
on  opposite  page,  and  it  will  be  seen  that  at  some  few  points  the  main  is  ex- 
posed to  temperatures  of  the  streams  that  are  crossed,  and  at  other  points  to 
atmospheric  temperature.  The  gas  was  further  subjected  to  atmospheric  tem- 
perature in  an  outlying  storage  holder.  Eesults  of  these  tests  indicate  the  losses 
in  heating  value  and  illuminating  value  that  may  be  expected  at  various  seasons 
of  the  year  for  gas  delivered  under  similar  conditions.  The  average  loss  in 
heating  value  is  1.4  per  cent,  and  the  average  loss  in  illuminating  value  is  12.8 
per  cent. 

Loss  in  Loss  in 

Illuminating  Value  Heating  Value 

Month.  No.  Tests      Candles.       Per  Cent.          B.    t.    u.       Per  Cent. 

January    20  3.2  14.0  11  1.75 

February  16  3.2  13.8  13  2.06 

March 26  2.7  11.7  4  .64 

April    30  3.4  14.4  4  .64 

May 31  2.7  11.6  17  2.66 

June   30  2.5  10.8  7  1.09 

July    31  2.3  9.8  8  1.24 

August 29  2.6  11.2  5  .79 

September 27  3.0  12.9  14  2.22 

October    26  3.0  12.8  12  1.88 

November   .  28  4.6  18.3  5  .77 


Average 12.8  1.4 

43.  The  daily  variations  in  heating  value  and  illuminating  value  between 
Stations  A  and  B  are  shown  by  diagrams  (page  50).    The  zero  line  represents 
the  heating  value  or  illuminating  value  at  A.    The  solid  line  curve  shows  the 
heating  value  at  B  in  percentage  of  the  heating  values  at  A.    The  broken  line 
curve  similarly  shows  the  illuminating  value  at  B. 

44.  Another  Company  (No.  15)  made  observations  of  the  loss  in  heating 
value  and  illuminating  value  of  gas  when  pumped  under  the  relative  high 
pressure  of  fifteen  pounds,  for  a  distance  of  about  twenty-three  miles.    These 
results  cover  daily  observations  for  the  months  of  October  and  November, 
1912,  consisting  of  about  sixty  individual  tests.     They  indicate  what  may  be 
expected  under  similar  conditions.    The  readings  were  made  when  the  ground 
temperature  was  about  50°  F.,  and,  therefore,  do  not  show  the  extreme  condi- 
tions that  will  be  met  during  the  winter  months  when  the  temperature  of  the 
ground  is  32°  F.    Plate  III  shows  how  the  main  is  exposed  both  to  atmospheric 
and  stream  temperatures.     (See  page  51.) 

45.  The  readings  made  on  this  high  pressure  line  are  summarized  below, 
and  it  will  be  seen  that  the  loss  due  to  transmission  of  gas  under  these  condi- 

49 


AM 


SCALE 


51 


PIPE    fXfOSfO   on 


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f>if>£  fXPQseo  on  arno&e 


II  I 

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tions    is  much   more  in   illuminating  value    (20.7%)    than  it  is  in  heating 
value  (6.05%). 

Heating  Illuminating 

October — 1912.  Value,  Value,  0.  P. 

B.  t.  u. 

Uncompressed  gas 629  22.2 

Compressed  gas 619 

Delivered  gas— 23y2  miles 607  17.6 

Loss — per  cent 3.5  20.7 

November. 

Uncompressed  gas    £31  21.3 

Compressed  gas   627 

Delivered  gas— 23%  mi l»s 577  16.9 

Loss — per  cent 8.6  20.7 

Average  loss — per  cent 6.05  20.7 

46.  This  is  in  accordance  with  the  expectations,  as  it  is  apparent  that  the 
decrease  in  quality  is  due  to  the  deposition  of  the  unfixed  or  light  oil  vapors 
that  are  removed  from  the  gas  by  pressure,  and  by  the  low  temperature  and 
scrubbing  action  of  the  jnains. 

47.  To  further  confirm  these  results,  at  the  request  of  the  Committee, 
investigations  were  also  made  under  the  direct  supervision  of  one  of  its  mem- 
bers, on  carburetted  water  gas,  manufactured  in  a  large  city,  in  another  State, 
compressed — pressure  varying  from  ten  to  twenty  pounds — and  delivered  to 
several  outlying  districts.    These  districts  consisted  of  two  smaller  cities,  sev- 
eral small  boroughs  and  small  settlements  on  both  sides  of  a  large  river.    A 
large  portion  of  this  territory  is  so  situated  that  the  inhabitants  would  have 
been  unable  to  obtain  gas  under  any  other  conditions.     The  high  pressure  is 
reduced  and  the  gas  supplied  to  the  two  cities  through  low  pressure  distribu- 
tion systems,  but  the  boroughs  and  small  settlements  are  directly  supplied  by 
high  pressure  which  is  reduced  on  the  consumers'  premises.    An  outline  map — 
page  53 — shows  the  general  plan  of  the  system. 

48.  The  gas  as  manufactured  at  A  averaged  about  22  candle  power.    At 
the  time  of  the  investigation  the  gas  was  compressed  to  about  16  to  20  pounds 
pressure,  as  shown  in  the  tables,  and  then  delivered  through  a  high  pressure 
system,  consisting  of  9,700  feet  of  6"  and  1,875  feet  of  4"  main,  to  a  second 
testing  station,  B.     From  this  point  the  4"  high  pressure  main  is  continued 
across  the  river  for  a  distance  of  16,625  feet,  to  a  third  testing  station,  C. 

49.  In  crossing  the  river  the  main  is  exposed  for  a  considerable  distance, 
and  acquires  the  temperature  of  the  river  water,  which  at  the  time  of  the  test 
approximated  50°  P. 

50.  At  Station  A,  where  the  gas  was  compressed,  tests  were  made  before 
and  after  compression.    At  Station  B  tests  were  made  on  the  gas  direct  from 
the  high  pressure  lines  before  entering  the  low  pressure  system.    At  Station  C 
the  gas  was  tested  directly  from  the  high  pressure  lines. 

51.  In  order  to  obtain  samples  of  the  same  gas,  the  capacity  of  the  mains 
and  the   estimated  rate  of  consumption  was   determined,   and  the  lag  was 
calculated. 

52.  To  determine  the  illuminating  value  of  the  gas,  tests  were  made  on 
standard  60"  bar  photometers  at  Stations  A  and  B,  and  on  a  60"  portable 
photometer   at   Station  C,   ten   candle  power  pentane  lamps  being  used   as 
standards. 

53.  The  heating  value  of  the  gas  was  read  on  new  calorimeters  of  the 
American  Meter  Company,  which  were  compared  with  each  other  just  previous 
to  testing.    All  instruments  and  accessories  were  tested  and  calibrated  before 

52 


Di5~rr?iBL/r/or</ 


being  used.    The  humidity  of  the  atmosphere  was  determined  and  correspond- 
ing corrections  made  in  the  calorific  values. 

54.  The  temperature  of  the  atmosphere,  the  temperature  of  the  ground 
and  the  dew  point  of  the  gas  were  determined.    The  temperature  of  the  ground 
ran  from  56°  to  58°  F.,  while  the  dew  point  gave  indications  as  low  as  30°  F., 
indicating  combined  effect  due  to  the  compression  and  cooling. 

55.  These  readings  were  made  over  the  period  from  October  31  to  No- 
vember 14,  1912,  and  the  results  obtained  from  day  to  day,  as  shown  by  the 
following  table,  substantiate  the  conclusions  presented  above — that  the  illum- 
inating value  cannot  be  maintained  if  the  gas  is  to  be  transmitted  to  outlying 
districts  at  relatively  high  pressures;  but  that  under  the  same  conditions  it  is 
possible  to  maintain  the  heating  value  with  only  slight  loss. 

56.  If  these  tests  were  duplicated  in  the  extreme  cold  weather  months  of 
the  winter,  we  might  expect  even  greater  losses  in  illuminating  value  at  Sta- 
tions B  and  C. 

Loss  in  illuminating  and  heating  value  of  carburetted  water  gas,  com- 
pressed to  16  pounds  and  transmitted  distances  of  2.2  and  5.1  miles : 

Illuminating      Per   Cent.          Heating 

Value,  Loss.  Value,  Per  Cent. 

0.  P.  B.  t.  u.  Loss. 

Initial  gas    21.69  ...  630 

Loss  due  to  compression 2.66  12.3  8            1.27 

Loss  due  to  transmission — of  2.2 

miles  .  .74  3.4  2              .32 


Total  loss   3.40  15.7  10            1.57 

Initial  gas 21.69  . . .  630 

Loss  in  compression  and  trans- 
mission—of 5.1  miles. .  6.68  30.8  11            1.75 


COMPRESSION  AND  TRANSMISSION  TESTS  ON  ENRICHED  COKE 
OVEN  GAS,  NOVEMBER-DECEMBER,  1912. 

57.  The  Committee  also  made  some  investigation  of  the  effects  of  com- 
pression and  transmission  on  the  illuminating  and  heating  values  of  enriched 
coke  oven  gas.    As  there  was  no  such  installation  in  the  State,  permission  was 
obtained  elsewhere  to  make  such  a  test  on  a  plant  consisting  of  forty  ovens 
and  having  a  capacity  for  carbonizing  three   hundred  tons   of  coal  daily. 
A  good  grade  of  Pennsylvania  gas  coal  was  used,  with  an  average  coking 
period  of  twenty-two  hours.     Run-of-oven  gas,  enriched  to  about  16  candle 
power,  flat  flame,  was  obtained,  using  a  90  per  cent,  benzol  enricher.    During 
a  part  of  the  test  a  small  amount  of  high  candle  power  carburetted  water  gas 
was  made  to  help  out  the  deficiency  in  the  make  from  the  coke  ovens.    In,  both 
cases,  after  enrichment  at  ''A,"  the  gas  was  compressed  at  "A-l"  to  between 
30  and  40  pounds  per  square  inch,  and  then  delivered  to  "B,"  a  distance  of 
nine  miles.     The  terminal  pressure  at  "B"  was  between  26  and  36  pounds. 
This  high  terminal  pressure  was  necessary  because  of  distribution  to  surround- 
ing territory.     After  compression  the  gas  was  cooled  to  about  atmospheric 
temperature  in  a  condenser,  the  condensate  being  removed. 

58.  At  the  terminus  of  the  high  pressure  line  the  gas  was  expanded  into 
a  holder  and  distributed  at  low  pressure. 

59.  The  illuminating  value  and  the  heating  value  of  the  gas  at  "A," 
"A-l"  and  "B"  is  shown  in  the  tables.     These  tables  also  give  the  losses  both 
actual  and  in  per  cent,  of  original  quality  of  the  gas. 

54 


60.  The  ground  temperature  at  "A"  was  about  47°  F.  and  at  "B"  it 
was  49°  F.     The  dew  point  at  "A-l"  was  31°  F.  and  at  "B"  it  was  12°  F. 
The  average  outside  air  temperature  was  39°  F. 

61.  The  tests  were  made  with  improved  American  Meter  Company  calori- 
meters of  the  Junker  type,  and  standard  60"  bar  photometers.     All  candle 
power  readings  are  flat  flame  value  against  a  standard  10  candle  power  pen- 
tane  lamp.     All  apparatus  was  tested  and  checked  for  accuracy. 

Loss  in  illuminating  and  heating  value  of  enriched  run-of-oven  coke  oven 
gas,  due  to  a  compression  of  30  pounds  and  a  transmission  of 'nine  miles: 

Illuminating      Per  Cent.  Heating          Per  Cent. 

Value,  Loss.  Value,  Loss. 

C.  P.  B.  t.  u. 

Initial   gas    16.2  ...  598 

Loss  due  to  compression — 30  Ibs.       1.8  11.1  20  3.34 

Loss  due  to  transmission — 9  miles       4.0  24.7  21  3.51 


Total  loss    5.8  35.8  41  6.85 

Run-of-oven  coke  oven  gas  with  an  addition  of  15  per  cent,  carburetted 
water  gas : 


Initial  gas 
Loss  due  to 
Loss  due  to 

ii 

lumSnating 
Value, 
C.  P. 

16.9 
2.7 
5.1 

Per  Cent. 
Loss. 

16.6 
30.2 

Heating 
Value, 
B.  t.  u. 

597 
18 

23 

Per  Cent. 
.  Loss. 

3.02 
3.85 

compression  —  40  Ibs. 
transmission  —  9  miles 

Total  loss    7.8  46.2  41  6.87 

62.  A  previous  test  had  been  made  on  the  same  system,  by  one  of  the 
Committee,  in  March  and  April,  1907 ;  and    while  at  that  time  no  determina- 
tions in  loss  of  heating  value  were  made,  the  loss  in  illuminating  value  was 
determined. 

63.  In  addition  to  the  effect  of  compression  and  transmission,  a  test  was 
made  on  the  effect  of  low  temperature  by  passing  the  gas  through  a  freezing 
coil. 

64.  The  following  tables  give  a  summary  of  the  results  obtained  on  these 
tests. 

65.  The  first  table  shows  the  effect  of  freezing  on  the  candle  power  of 
low  pressure  coke  oven  gas,  carburefted  water  gas  and  mixed  coke  oven  gas 
and  carburetted  water  gas. 

Enriched   Coke         Carburetted         Enriched   Coke 
Oven  Gas.  Water  Gas.       Oven      Gas      and 

20%    Carburetted 
Water  Gas. 

Initial  candle  power   15.92  19.15  16.32 

Loss  due  to  compression  and  freez- 
ing to  32°  F 2.89  2.63  2.43 

Loss  in  per  cent,  of  initial  candle 

power  18.2  13.7  17.5 

66.  The  second  table  shows  the  effect  of  compressing  to  pressures  approxi- 
mating 30  pounds  and  transmitting  through  a  distributing  system  11.5  miles. 
The  first  test  was  on  run-of-oven  coke  oven  gas,  benzol  enriched,  and  the  sec- 
ond test  was  made  on  this  same  gas  with  a  mixture  of  carburetted  water  gas, 
equalling  27  per  cent,  of  the  total  volume. 

55 


67.     Hygrometer  readings  indicated  a  dew  point  of  18°  F.  on  the  com- 


pressed and  delivered  gas. 


Enriched  Coke 
Oven  Gas. 


Initial  candle  power 17.45 

Loss  due  to  compression  of  30  pounds  and 

delivered  11.5  miles  at  high  pressure..  6.02 

Loss  in  per  cent,  of  initial  candle  power. . . .  24.5 


Enriched  Coke 

Oven   Gas   Mixed 

With,  27%   Car- 

buretted   Water 

Gas. 

17.0 


4.82 
28.4 


LABORATORY  EXPERIMENTS  TO  DETERMINE  THE  EFFECT  OF  COM- 
PRESSION AND  FREEZING  ON  CARBURETTED 
WATER  GAS. 

68.  To  determine  further  the  effect  upon  the  illuminating  value  and  heat- 
ing value  of  the  gas,  certain  laboratory  experiments  were  carried  on  under  the 
supervision  of  the  Committee,  with  the  following  results : 

69.  Carburetted  water  gas  of  23.5  candle  power  and  654  B.  t.  u.  heating 
value,  was  compressed  first  to  low  pressures  of  three  and  ten  inches  of  water 
and  then  in  stages  of  five  pounds  each  to  a  total  of  thirty  pounds  gauge 
pressure,  and  while  under  compression  reduced  to  a  temperature  of  35°  F. 
The  condensation  formed,  due  to  compression  and  cooling,  was  removed,  and 
the  gas,  when  expanded  again,  showed  a  dew  point  of  15°  F.    No  serious  losses 
in  heating  value  were  found  to  take  place  in  pressures  up  to  ten  inches  of 
water.     Such  losses,  however,  became  evident  as  soon  as  the  pressure  had 
reached  five  pounds  and  over.    At  thirty  pounds'  compression  the  illuminating 
value  had  dropped  32.4  per  cent.,  while  the  heating  value  dropped  6.8  per  cent. 
It  was  noted  that  the  gravity  of  the  gas  changed  but  very  little,  as  shown  by 
a  test  on   an  effusion  apparatus.     The  illuminating  value   seemed  to   drop 
uniformly  with  the  compression,  while  the  heating  value  dropped  30  heat 
units  or  the  first  ten  pounds  and  only  twelve  additional  heat  units  for  the 
next  twenty  pounds.    The  results  are  shown  in  detail  below: 

B.  t.  u. 

Pressure.  Candle  Power  Gross. 

3  inches,  before  cooling. .  23.5  654 

3  inches 20.2  656 

10  inches  20.3  654 

5  pounds 18.1  631 

10  pounds 16.3  621 

15  pounds  15.6  624 

20  pounds  14.95  615 

25  pounds  14.2  617 

30  pounds  13.7  609 

Note. — Original  gas  passed  through  70°  F.  coil, 
through  35°  F.  coil. 


Loss  Per   Cent. 

Candle  Power          B.    t.   u. 


10.6 
19.5 
23.0 
26.2 
29.9 
32.4 


3.5 
5.0 
4.6 
6.0 
5.6 
6.8 


Compressed  gas  passed 


HEATING  VALUE  CALCULATED  BY  ANALYSIS 

70.  One  Company,  No.  8,  ran  its  plant  (Class  C,  Table  I.)  to  determine 
as  nearly  as  may  be  the  heat  unit  equivalent  to  the  present  standard  of  candle 
power.  This  plant  was  equipped  with  a  Junker  automatic  continuous  regis- 
tering calorimeter,  which  was  destroyed  by  fire  before  the  completion  of  the 
full  year's  test.  In  addition  tests  were  made  daily  on  both  a  Sargent 
and  on  a  Junker  calorimeter.  Samples  of  gas  were  taken  and  analysis  of  gas 


56 


made  and  recorded.  The  candle  power  was  likewise  determined  on  a  60" 
U.  G.  I.  open  bar,  using  No.  7  L.  P.  Slit  Union  Bray  and  new  F  Argand  Sugg 
pattern  gas  burners  against  candles  in  accordance  with  New  York  legal 
requirement. 

71.  Not  until  the  completion  of  the  year's  test  was  any  use  made  of 
the  gas  analysis  so  that  the  calculated  heat  units  therefrom  have   special 
interest  as  a  check. 

72.  The  daily  heat  unit  readings  therefore  were  checked  by  an  automatic 
instrument  self  recording  and  finally  by  the  calculated  B.  t.  u.  from  the  gas 
analysis.    The  gas  manufactured  was  carburetted  water  gas.    The  gas  generat- 
ing apparatus,  5'  and  T  6"  sets,  have  up  and  down  steam  connections  and 
automatic  continuously  registering  pyrometers  on  superheater.     As  the  plant 
is  a  small  one  the  running  was  intermittent,  varying  from  8  hours  to  23.8 
hours.     Gas  oil  was  used,  "28°  B. "  which  had  been  contracted  for  prior  to 
beginning  of  test.     Anthracite  broken  coal  was  used,  with  some  gas-house 
coke  at  times  for  experimental  purposes.     Oil  corrected  varied  from  3.5  to 
4.65  gallons  per  thousand.     Fuel  per  1,000,  corrected,  varied  from  37.62  to 
40.76. 

73.  The  equivalents  used  in  calculating  the  B.  t.  u.  from  gas  analysis  were  : 

Illuminants    2350.0  B.  t.  u.  per  cu.  ft 

Co   323.5 

H2 326.2 

CH4 1009.0 

The  results  were  as  follows : 

COMPANY  NO.  8. 
Average  Monthly  Results  at  Works — B.  t.  u. 

B  t.  u.  B.  t.  u.  Calculated 

Candle  Power.  Junkers  Sargent.  from  Analysis. 

1911. 

August 19.1  617  613  606 

September  18.9  610  607  605 

October  18.7  594  591  589 

November  19.7  633  628  626 

December  22.5  645  651  651 

1912. 

January  22.4  653*  656*  658* 

February 22.6*  650  653  636 

March  .*....' 20.3  621  625  614 

April  18.7  602  601  585 

May 19.5  592  593  569f 

June  19.3  592  591  582' 

July   17.9f  584f  584f  580 

*  Maximum,     f  Minimum. 


74.  The  official  testing  station  of  this  Company  was  equipped  with  a 
Junker  calorimeter  and  60"  American  Meter  Company  open  bar  photometer 
using  similar  burners  and  candles.  Gas  was  analyzed  as  at  plant  and  B.  t.  u. 
calculated  with  the  following  results: 

57 


Monthly  Averages. 

B.  t.  u. 

B.  t.  u.  Calculated 

Candle   Power.  Junker.  from  Analysis. 

1911. 

August    20.0  613  608 

September 19.6  605  602 

October    19.3f  584f  581t 

November    19.9  622  618 

December    20.9  642  645 

1912. 

January    21.1*  643*  655* 

February 20.6  631  634 

March 19.8  607  610 

April 20.4  591  582 

May    19.9  590  568 

June   20.7  596  586 

July    20.6  586  577 

*  Maximum,     f  Minimum. 

75.  The  Gas  Inspector  of  the  State  tested  the  candle  power  for  the  State 
record    twelve    times    during   the    period    of    testing,    finding    candle    power 
averaging  20.1.    The  Company's  test  for  the  same  days  averaged  20.0  candle 
power. 

76.  It  will  be  observed  that  the  B.  t.  u.  calculated  from  analysis  varies 
from  the  actual  readings  made  by  calorimeters  in  different  seasons.  The  effect 
of  temperature  affects  the  character  of  the  illuminants  remaining  in  the  gas 
at  different  seasons.     The  following  calculations  were  made  as  a  matter  of 
interest.     The  values  of  B.  t.  u.  per  cubic  foot  of  C  O  of  H2  and  C  H4  were 
taken  as  stated  heretofore  and  the   actual  B.  t.  u.   observed  in  the  Junker 
calorimeter  was  assumed  in  each  case  as  the  B.  t.  u.  value  of  the  gas.     From 
these  figures  the  B.  t.  u.  value  of  the  illuminants  was  calculated  with  the 
following  results : 

Monthly  Averages. 
Plant. 


-Plant •  — -Testing     Station- 


Date.                                                         B.   t.  u.  Cal.   Val.   of  B.   t.   u.  Cal.  Val.   of 

Junkers.  Illuminants.  Junkers.  Illuminants. 

1911. 

August  617  2458  613  2399 

September  610  2400  605  2377 

October  594  2404  584f  2378 

November  633  2410  622  2385 

December  645  2304f  642  2321 

1912. 

January  653  2311  643*  2251f 

February  650*  2465  631  2320 

March  621  2408  607  2325 

April  602  2450  591  2429 

May 592  2582*  590  2576* 

June  592  2449  596  2454 

July  584f  2396  586  -  2336 

*  Maximum,     f  Minimum. 

The  above  results  clearly  indicate  the  uncertainty  of  chemical  analysis 

as  a  means  of  accuracy  determining  the  calorific  value  of  manufactured  gas. 

58 


Comparison  of  Continuous  and  Intermittant  Operations. 

77.  The  manufacture  of  gas  by  Company  No.   9  was  under  the  same 
engineering  superintendence  as  Company  No.  8.    Tests  in  this  case  were  made 
only  at  the  testing  station  over  a  mile  from  the  manufacturing  plant.     This 
plant    (Class   A,   Table   1.)    runs   continually   night   and    day   manufacturing 
carburetted  water  gas;  generators  11'  and  12'  reverse  steam  Lowe  type  with 
indicating  and  recording  pyrometers.     Gas  oil  28°  B.  using   (corrected)   3.41 
to  4.34  gallons  per  1,000  cu.  ft.     Anthracite  fuel   (corrected)   30.45  to  32.67 
pounds  per  1,000.     Calorimeter  used  Junkers.     Candle  power  determined  by 
American  Meter  Company,  60"   open  bar  photometer;  burners  No.   7  L.  P. 
Slit  Union  Bray  and  New  F  Argand.     Analysis  of  gas  was  made  only  occa- 
sionally.    The  results  follow: 

Monthly  Averages. 

B.  t.  u. 

Candle  Power  Junker, 

1911. 

August 20.8  589 

September 20.6  597 

October    21.2  619 

November    20.4  625 

December    20.7  638 

1912. 

January   * 20.9  631 

February 20.7  621 

March  20.7  610 

April   20.2  600 

May  20.6  589 

June   20.6  595 

July    20.6  597 

78.  A  comparison  of  the  Company's  candle  power  reading  taken  at  the 
time  B.  t.  u.  results  were  taken  on  thirty  days  when  the  State  Inspector  tested 
the  gas  of  the  Company  shows  20.4  candle  power  average  by  State  test  and 
20.8  candle  power  by  Company's  observer. 

Comparison  of  Efficiency  of  Open  Flame  and  Mantle  Burners. 

79.  In  replacing  the  flat  flame  burner  with  the  mantle  burner,  it  is  a 
matter  of  importance  to  determine  the  relative  efficiency  of  these  burners  when 
using  the  same  quality  of  manufactured  gas.     It  is  aJso  important  to  inquire 
if  similar  results  are  obtained  when  using  mantle  burners  with  unenriched 
coal  gas  and  the  present  20  candle  power  water  gas.     The  State  Commission, 
Second  District,  requires  that  five  cubic  feet  of  carburetted  water  gas  shall 
give  20  candle  power  when  burned  in  the  burner  best  adapted  to  it,   and 
applicable  for  general  use,  when  compared  with  the  light  of  two  standard 
English  sperm  candles.     The  candle  power  obtained  with  the  normal  mantle 
burner  is  uniformly  greater  than  obtained  in  the  flame  burner  even  when 
using  only  three  cubic  feet  of  the  same  gas.     It  is  customary  to  state  the 
efficiency  of  the  gas  mantle  in  terms  of  candle  power  per  cubic  foot  of  gas  used. 

80.  Under  the  supervision  of  a  member  of  the  Joint  Committee  mantles 
costing  at  retail  10  cents,  15  cents,  and  35  cents,  mantle  burners  costing  10 
cents  and  50  cents,  and  chimneys  at  a  uniform  cost  of  10  cents  were  purchased 
at  shops  patronized  by  the  general  public. 

81.  These  mantles  and  mantle  burners  were  tested  using   carburetted 
water  gas  from  19.4  candle  power  to  21.8  candle  power  at  burner  pressures, 
varying  from  one  to  three  inches  water.     The  B.  t.  u.  varied  from  603  to  622. 
Sixty-five    separate   illuminating   power   tests   were   made   with   the   mantles 

59 


when  using  this  gas.  The  average  candle  power  per  cubic  foot  of  gas  when 
used  in  the  flame  burner  was  4.15  candles,  while  the  same  gas  developed  13 
to  21.7  candles  per  cubic  foot  when  used  in  the  mantle  burner.  The  13  candle 
power  test  was  obtained  with  gas  giving  4.12  candles  per  cu.  ft.  in  the  flame 
burner,  yet  the  same  type  mantles  gave  16.4,  19.1  and  19.9  candles  per  cu.  ft. 
with  gas  of  lower  candle  power  than  4.12  candles. 

82.  Seventeen  tests,  with  2.5  inch  burner  pressure,  were  made  with  these 
mantle  burners  and  the  same  type  mantles,  but  using  a  14.38  candle  power, 
unenriched  coal  gas,  equivalent  to  an  efficiency  of  2.87  candles  per  cubic  foot 
of  gas  when  used  in  the  flame  burner.    The  heat  units  of  this  coal  gas  varied 
from  601  to  607  B.  t.  u.    When  this  gas  was  used  in  the  mantle  burners  from 
13.7  to  21.4  candles  per  cubic  foot  of  gas  was  obtained. 

83.  It  will  be  observed  that  the  efficiency  of  the  mantle  burner  was 
equally  good  with  either  20  candle  power   carburetted  water   gas  or  with 
14.38  candle  power  in  enriched  coal  gas.    It  will  also  be  noted  that  the  mantle 
burner  is  many  times  more  efficient  than  the  flame  burner.    In  some  caess  the 
flame  burner  shows  only  13.4  per  cent,  relative  efficiency  when  compared  with 
the  mantle  burner  using  the  same  gas  or  as  one  is  to  eight  nearly. 

84.  A  mantle  burner  ordinarily  consumes  three  cubic  feet  of  gas  per 
hour  and  with  16  candles  per  foot  gives  48  candle  power.     To  obtain  this 
candle  power  with  a  twenty  candle  gas  in  an  open  flame  burner  would  require 
twelve  cubic  feet  of  gas.    This  is  an  hourly  saving  in  gas  bills  of  nine  cubic 
feet.    Assuming  one  thousand  hours'  burning  per  annum  there  is  a  saving  of 
9,000  cubic  feet  of  gas,  which  represents  a  cash  saving  of  from  $8  to  $18, 
depending  upon  the  price  of  gas.    Four  mantles  per  annum  would  be  a  fair 
average  for  this  number  of  hours'  use  at  an  annual  cost  of  from  40  cents  to 
$1.40;  as  stated,  a  burner  which  should  give  good  service  for  many  years 
costs  from  lOc.  to  50c.,  and  the  chimneys  lOc.  each.    Smaller  mantles  consum- 
ing but  one  foot  to  one  and  one-half  feet  per  hour,  where  less  illumination  is 
required,  would  show  a  corresponding  saving. 


60 


APPENDIX  D 
STANDARDS  IN  OTHER  PLACES 

1.  Up  to  1906  practically  all  standards  for  gas,  both  in  this  country  and 
abroad,  prescribed  a  certain  illuminating  value  but  contained  no  requirements 
as  to  heating  value.    As  early  as  1894,  however,  gas  engineers  had  begun  to 
recognize  the  inadequacy  of  a  photometric  standard  and  the  necessity  for 
determining  a  calorific  value. 

2.  The  earliest  date  of  a  calorific  standard  being  established  was  1906. 
Since  that  time  this  measure  of  the  quality  of  gas  has  been  adopted  quite  gen- 
erally abroad  and  in  a  considerable  number  of  instances  in  this  country. 

3.  Generally  speaking  we  find  no  scientific  reasons  for  the  figures  which 
have  been  adopted,  and  in  few  cases  does  there  appear  to  have  been  any  pre- 
liminary investigation  made  along  the  lines  of  practical  operating  experience 
under  varying  conditions. 

4.  Wisconsin,  which  was  the  pioneer  in  the  establishment  of  a  state 
standard  of  heating  value,  did,  through  the  Wisconsin  Railroad  Commission, 
conduct  a  series  of  tests  before  the  adoption  of  the  requirement  now  in  force. 
These  tests,  however,  did  not  cover  a  sufficient  period  of  time  or  a  wide  enough 
variety  of  conditions  to  be  conclusive.    It  should  also  be  remembered  that  long 
strides  have  been  made  in  the  science  of  calorimetry  during  the  last  year 
or  two,  and  manufacturing  conditions  have  undergone  important  changes. 

5.  At  the  present  time    heating  value  requirements  are  in  force  in  five 
states  and  in  some  thirty-one  cities.    A  list  of  the  states  and  cities  with  their 
respective  requirements  follows: 

States. 

Wisconsin Monthly  average  600  gross  B.  t.  u.  Minimum  550 

New  Jersey Monthly  average  600  gross  B.  t.  u.  Minimum  550 

Nevada Monthly  average  550  gross  B.  t.  u.  Minimum  500 

Washington .Monthly  average  600  total.  Minimum  550 

Indiana 600  B.  t.  u. 

Cities. 

Aurora,  HI.  600  gross  Elkhart.  Ind.  600 

Birmingham,  Ala.  575  gross  Elyria,  0.  600  "heat  units" 

Cedar  Rapids,  la.  600  Freeport,  HI.  Monthly  ave .  600 

Chicago,  111.  600  gross  Freeport,  HI.  Minimum  550 

Dallas,  Tex.  650  Helena,  Mont.  500 

Detroit,  Mich.  600  gross  Kankakee,  111.  600  "heat  units" 

Elgin,  111.  600  net  Ottawa,  HI.  600 

Ft.  Wayne,  Ind.  550  Sault  St.  Marie,  Mich.    500 

Indianapolis,  Ind.  600  Port  Huron,  Mich.  600  gross 

Jackson,  Mich.  600  Stockton,  Cal.  600  gross  Mo.  ave. 

Joliet,  111.  600  "heat  units"  Minneapolis,  Minn.  600 

Kalamazoo,  Mich.  600  gross  Minneapolis,  Minn.  Daily  min .  550 

Lansing,  Mich.  600  (low  value)  Oakland,  Cal.  600 

Lincoln,  Neb.  625  Omaha,  Neb.  600  net 

Los  Angeles,  Cal.  600  gross  San  Francisco,  Cal.  600 

Milwaukee,  Wis.  635  gross  Springfield,  HI.  650 
Adrian,  Mich.                   Average  of  600 

61 


6.  In  1906  the  calorific  standard  was  adopted  for  Tottenham,  the  first 
place  in  England  to  have  such  a  standard.    This  standard  was  fixed  by  agree- 
ment, but  the  Gas  Light  and  Coke  Company  of  London  was  the  first  to  have 
the  heat  unit  test  statutorily  applied  to  town  gas.     This  was  accomplished 
through  the  Parliamentary  Committee  of  the  London  County  Council  advised 
by  Dr.  Frankland,  Charles  Hunt  and  Dr.  Clowes,  the  figures  being  set  at  ap- 
proximately 500  net  B.  t.  u.,  with  a  minimum  of  450  B.  t.  u. 

7.  In  Europe  Paris  has  adopted  a  calorific  standard  of  528  net  B.  t.  u.  and 
abandoned  photometric  requirements.     The  same  standard  holds  in  Rheimes. 
Marseilles  has  adopted  551  B.  t.  u.  and  Milan,  Italy,  573  B.  t.  u. 

8.  In  1909   German  chemists  concluded  that  they  ought  to  have  a  calorific 
test,  and  that  the  figures  should  be  set  at  543  gross  B.  t.  u.  with  a  minimum  of 
522,  these  results  to  apply  to  tests  made  at  the  works.     There  is  even  yet  no 
generally  accepted  standard  of  calorific  value  in  Germany,  although  tests  have 
been  regularly  made  in  Berlin,  Magdeburg,  Bonn  and  Breslau  for  at  least 
seven  years.    Zurich  was  also  testing  for  calorific  value  at  least  five  years  ago. 

9.  A  member  of  the  Committee  from  personal  observation  ascertained 
that  many  continental  cities  do  not  even  maintain  photometric  apparatus  for 
testing  gas.     Included  in  this  number   are  Paris,   Brussels,   Ghent,   Bruges, 
Nuremberg,  Stettin,  Berlin,  Charlottenburg,  Warsaw  and  Zurich.    No  attention 
is  paid  to  candle  power.    Another  authority  from  personal  inquiry  and  obser- 
vation confirms  this  tendency  by  information  derived  within  six  months  that 
the  same  conditions  may  be  found- in  Austria  and  Austria-Hungary  as  well 
as  Germany  and  other  continental  countries. 

10.  It  should  be  noted  that  in  Continental  countries,  it  is  customary  to 
correct  the  gas  volume  to  0°C  (32°  F.)  and  760  M.  M.  (30"  Barometer).    The 
correction  to  32°  F.  instead  of  60°  used  in  the  United  States  and  by  this 
Committee,  means  that  the  standard  abroad  is  actually  over  5%  lower  than 
the  figures  quoted  above  would  indicate.     For  example,  a  German  gas  con- 
sumer receiving  543.  gross  B.  t.  u.  per  cubic  foot  is  actually  receiving  not 
more  than  51.6  when  United  States  methods  of  measurements  are  followed. 

11.  In  South  America  Colombo  has  had  a  heat  unit  standard  of  400 
B.  t.  u.  for  about  five  years,  and  in  Buenos  Ayres  it  is  required  that  the  net 
B.  t.  u.  shall  not  be  less  than  539. 

12.  It  will  be  seen  from  the  preceding  figures  that  the  calorific  power 
requirements  in  Great  Britain,  on  the  Continent  and  in  South  America  are 
generally  lower  than  those  in  the  United  States,  due  to  a  recognition  of  the 
economic   advantages   of  permitting  the  use   of  unenriched  coal   gas  manu- 
factured from  such  grades  of  coal  as  were  available. 

13.  The  standards  which  have  been  adopted  in  this  country  in  the  past 
are  in  most  cases  in  excess  of  what  should  be  required.     They  were  usually 
set  arbitrarily  and  without  thorough  investigation.     It  is  inconceivable  that 
they  would  have  been  so  fixed  with  present  available  raw  materials.     Refer- 
ence to  Table  IV.,  page  20,  shows  monthly  averages  of  heating  power  of  gas, 
enriched  to  meet  the  present  illuminating  power  standards   as  low  as  584 
B.  t.  u.  and  the  table  in  Appendix  C,  page  43,  shows  monthly  averages  of 
heating   power   of   unenriched    coal   gas,    manufactured,   however,   from   the 
highest  grades  of  coal,  as  low  as  556  B.  t.  u.    These  are  not  individual  readings, 
but  are  averages  for  entire  months. 


62 


APPENDIX  E 
CALORIMETRY  AND  PHOTOMETRY 

Calorimetry 


1.  Assuming  that  a  suitable  calorimeter  is  employed,  that  the  operator 
has  had  reasonable  experience  and  proper  instruction,  and  that  the  accepted 
rules  of  procedure  are  followed,  it  is  proper  to  inquire  as  to  the  consistency 
of  the  readings  and  the  accuracy  of  the  results  that  will  be  obtained. 

2.  One  of  the  smaller  Companies  participating  in  the  investigations  has 
had  check  tests  made  on  practically  every  working  day  during  the  entire 
period  and  with  three  observers,  of  whom  two  were  no  more  than  high  school 
graduates,  only  5  per  cent,  of  the  time  was  there  a  difference  of  3  B.  t.  u. 
between  the  tests,  while  on  88  per  cent,  of  the  days  the  difference. was  2  B.  t.  u. 
or  less.     The  determinations  came  out  exactly  the  same,  decimals  being  of 
course  excluded   during  32  per  cent,  of  the  time. 

3.  Such  results  can,  however,  only  be  secured  by  an  absolute  conformity 
to  operating  instructions.    The  great  danger  with  calorimetric  determinations, 
as  in  photometric  work,  is  that  the  operator  will  drop  into  the  habit  of  regard- 
ing this  or  that  minor  detail  as  unimportant  and  consequently  will  finally  dis- 
regard it  altogether.    To  illustrate,  some  operators  only  read  their  outlet  water 
thermometers  to  tenths  of  a  degree  F.,  yet  an  error  of  0.1°  F.  means  an  error 
of  about  4  B.  t.  u.  in  the  result. 

4.  The  pressure  at  which  the  gas  is  metered  is  an  important  factor,  al- 
though by  some  it  is  considered  only  a  negligible  quantity  and  is  left  out  of 
consideration.     If  this  is  not  corrected  for,  and  the  gas  is  delivered  to  the 
meter  at  3  inches  water  pressure,  the  final  result  will  be  about  4  B.  t.  u.  too 
high. 

5.  The  rules  as  laid  down  by  this  Committee  in  its  two  pamphlets  are  not 
difficult  to  follow  and  every  point  emphasized  has  a  practical  value  and  is  nec- 
essary to  successful  determinations.     If  this  is  borne  in  mind  there  should  be 
no  difficulty,  under  ordinary  conditions,  in  obtaining  consistency  of  results. 

6.  The  accuracy  of  results,  however,  assuming  that  the  test  has  been  care- 
fully and  correctly  carried  out  in  every  particular,  is  a  different  question  and 
demands  separate  treatment.    We  shall  assume  that  the  operator  is  endeavor- 
ing to  obtain  the  total  heat  value,  or  as  near  thereto  as  is  practically  possible, 
and  that  he  has  made  all  of  the  usual  corrections,  i.  e.,  for  thermometer  error 
and  stem  exposure,  temperature  and  pressure  under  which  the  gas  is  measured, 
and  efficiency  of  instrument.    If  the  inlet  water  were  of  the  room  temperature, 
and  the  products  of  combustion  left  the  instrument  also  at  room  temperature, 
there  is  still  a  correction  to  be  applied  for  the  humidity  of  the  air  entering 
the  calorimeter.     This  can  be  obtained  by  the  use  of  a  psychrometer,  the  cor- 
rection then  being  found  in  the  table  furnished  by  the  National  Bureau  of 
Standards  and  published  in  the  Proceedings  of  the  American  Gas  Institute  for 
1912.    This  table,  however,  consists  of  two  parts:     (a)  Where  seven  volumes 
of  air  are  used  per  volume  of  gas,  and  (b)  where  nine  volumes  of  air  are  used. 
Since  there  is  at  present  no  practical  method  of  measuring  the  air  passing 
through  the  calorimeter,  it  would  seem  as  if  there  were  an  insuperable  diffi- 
culty at  the  outset.    But  if  we  examine  the  two  tables  we  find  that' for  ordinary 

63 


working  conditions  the  differences  are  not  large,  as  will  be  seen  from  the  fol- 
lowing which  have  been  compiled  by  taking  the  difference  in  B.  t.  u.  between 
the  corrections  in  the  two  tables  for  the  same  temperature  and  humidity: 

Humidity  in  P.O.     Boom  Temp.   65°  70°  75°  80°  85°  90° 

10  1.9  2.2  2.5  2.9  3.3  4.0 

20  1.7  1.9  2.3  2.5  3.0  3.5 

30  1.5  1.6  2.1  2.2  2.6  3.1 

40  ....: 1.2  1.5  1.8  1.9  2.2  2.6 

50  1.0  1.2  1.5  1.5  1.9  2.2 

60  0.7  0.9  1.2  1.2  1.5  1.7 

70  0.6  0.6  1.0  1.0  1.1  1.3 

80  0.3  0.4  0.6  0.6  0.7  0.8 

90  0.1  0.2  0.4  0.4  0.4  0.5 

100  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0 

In  every  case  the  corrections  in  Table  B  are  algebraically  the  greater,  but 
it  must  be  remembered  that  the  low  ranges  of  humidity,  as  well  as  the  ex- 
cessive room  temperatures,  are  comparatively  rare,  at  least  in  this  part  of  the 
country,  and  moreover,  these  extreme  conditions  do  not,  as  a  rule,  occur  at  the 
same  time.  If,  therefore,  the  ordinary  working  conditions  are  considered, 
such  as  a  room  temperature  between  65°  and  80°,  and  a  humidity  over  30  per 
cent.,  it  will  be  seen  that  the  maximum  error  likely  to  occur  from  use  of  the 
wrong  table  is  only  1.5  B.  t.  u.  or  about  one-fourth  of  1  per  cent.  But  there  is 
another  factor  which  still  further  tends  to  diminish  the  chances  of  error  from 
this  source.  With  the  exhaust  damper  set  properly  and  with  the  air  mixer  on 
the  burner  so  adjusted  as  to  give  the  most  perfect  combustion  (a  condition 
easily  judged  by  the  color  and  general  appearance  of  the  flame)  the  excess  of 
air  admitted  to  the  calorimeter  is  a  constant  within  reasonably  close  limits, 
and  the  seven  volumes  of  air  per  volume  of  gas  will  ordinarily  be  the  mixture 
employed.  Thus  it  will  be  seen  that,  with  the  aid  of  the  correction  table  and 
a  humidity  determination,  the  error  due  to  humidity  will  never  be  over 
4  B.  t.  u.,  and,  under  working  conditions,  will  probably  average  about  1.5 
B.  t.  u.  The  application  of  surface  combustion  may  well  be  studied  with  the 
object  of  minimizing  the  quantity  of  air  used  in  the  calorimeter. 

7.  Another  factor  which  is  intentionally  disregarded  in  practical  work  is 
the  specific  heat  of  the  water.    Since  the  custom  of  weighing  the  water  is  now 
almost  universally  adopted,  any  error  from  this  source  has  usually  been  con- 
sidered so  small  as  to  be  unworthy  of  attention.    In  a  study  of  this  matter  by 
Leo  Loeb,  in  March,  1911,  he  states  that,  in  gas  calorimetry,  the  possible  varia- 
tions due  to  this  cause  are  from  0.13  to  0.25  per  cent.     This  would  mean  a 
maximum  error  of  about  1.4  B.  t.  u. 

8.  An  error  which  cannot  be  readily  computed  is  introduced  through  the 
fact  that  the  gas  is  not  saturated  with  moisture  as  it  enters  the  burner.    It  has 
always  been  assumed  that  gas  after  passing  a  wet  meter  would  be  very  nearly 
saturated  with  water  vapor,  one  author  stating  as  the  result  of  his  experiments 
that  the  saturation  was  over  98  per  cent.    Recent  investigations  seem  to  render 
so  high  a  result  questionable,  but  it  is  the  consensus  of  opinion  that  the  error 
due  to  this  cause  is  so  small  as  to  be  negligible  in  practical  work ;  it  will  prob- 
ably be  less  than  0.5  B.  t.  u. 

9.  One   other  factor   affecting  the   accuracy   of   results   remains  to   be 
considered,  and  this  is  loss  from  radiation.     This  matter  has  received  con- 
siderable attention  from  the  National  Bureau  of  Standards,  which  has  found 
that  if  proper  baffle  plates  are  placed  on  the  burner,  radiation  losses  may  be 
reduced  to  about  0.3  per  cent,  or  about  1.75  B.  t.  u. 

10.  If  we  now  combine  all  of  these  errors,  and  assume  them  to  be  all  in 
the  same  direction  (which  is  not  true)  we  should  have  a  total  maximum  error 
of  about  5.5  B.  t.  u.,  or  less  than  1  per  cent.    The  error  due  to  radiation,  how- 

64 


ever,  tends  to  make  the  observed  result  too  low,  while  the  fact  that  the  gas  is 
not  saturated  makes  the  observed  result  higher  than  the  true  figure.  The  error 
introduced  by  the  specific  heat  of  water  makes  the  observed  result  too  high, 
while  that  due  to  the  unknown  volume  of  excess  air  admitted  may  be  either  a 
positive  or  a  negative  correction.  Combining  these  algebraically,  we  get  a 
possible  error  of  -f-1.5  B.  t.  u.,  or  about  0.25  per  cent. 

Photometry 

11.  Even  with  the  most  complete  photometric  outfit  it  is  not  possible  to 
secure  results  which  are  accurate  within  less  than  1  or  2  per  cent.     This  is 
due  to  a  number  of  factors  which  are  variable  and  cannot  be  corrected  for : 
the  personal  equation,  atmospheric  conditions,  quality  of  pentane,  deteriora- 
tion of  standards  lamps  and  of  discs,  varying  water  line  in  the  meter  and  in- 
accuracy of  the  latter,  etc.    If  this  be  true  of  the  best  type  of  apparatus,  how 
much  more  true  it  is  of  photometers  as  generally  employed,  with  candles  as 
standards  and  burners  which  do  not  begin  to  develop  the  full  illuminating 
power  of  the  gas. 

12.  In  New  York  State  candles  have  been  made  the  official  standard,  prin- 
cipally for  the  reason  that  it  did  not  seem  practical  to  employ  either  a  pentane 
or  a  Hefner  lamp  in  connection  with  the  portable  photometer  which  the  Com- 
mission's inspectors  are  obliged  to  use  in  a  large  number  of  places. 

13.  It  appears  to  have  been  conclusively  established  that  the  candle  as  a 
standard  is  unreliable.     Instead  of  attempting  to  take  up  this  subject  our- 
selves, we  refer  to  the  following  as  being  among  the  most  notable  discussions 
to  be  found  in  the  voluminous  literature  dealing  with  this  question — Dutch 
Photometric  Committee,  1894,  C.  0.  Bond's  paper  on  Working  Standards  of 
Light,  American  Gas  Institute  Proceedings,  1907 ;  Dr.  Love 's  paper  on  Stand- 
ard Candles,  and  the  recent  work  by  C.  E.  Crittenden  on  the  variations  in 
illuminating  value  of  candles. 

14.  To  cite  the  last  authority  only,  Mr.  Crittenden  publishes  curves  show- 
ing fluctuations  from  minute  to  minute  of  over  10  per  cent,  while  the  average 
approached  closely  2.1  candle  power  per  pair.    If  to  this  be  added  the  errors  in- 
herent in  a  portable  photometer,  the  inaccuracies  of  a  dry  meter  for  photo- 
metric work,  the  troubles  furnished  by  the  candle-balance  and  the  use  of  im- 
proper burners,  the  result  obtained  is  most  unsatisfactory.    The  last  item,  how- 
ever, is  one  of  the  most  important  and  should  receive  special  consideration.    ' 

15.  In  this  country  the  two  states  which  have  given  the  most  thorough 
study  to  photometric  work  have  adopted  the  practice  of  employing  the  burner 
best  adapted  to  the  gas  to  be  tested ;  the  burners  selected  would  be  either  a 
slit  union  Bray,  a  Suggs  table  top  or  one  of  the  various  styles  of  Argand 
burners.    The  result  of  this  is  that,  in  order  to  make  a  satisfactory  test,  several 
burners  must  be  tried. 

16.  While,  as  a  rule,  the  new  style  F  Argand  will  give  the  best  results 
from  a  water  gas  of  between  17  and  21  candle  power,  it  very  frequently  hap- 
pens that,  even  under  these  conditions,  the  Bray  burner  is  superior,  and  there- 
fore both  burners  must  be  tried  in  every  case  if  a  correct  result  is  to  be 
assured. 

17.  With  a  coal  gas  the  matter  is  still  worse,  for  there  are  at  least  five 
styles  of  Argand  burners  which  may  be  tried,  each  adapted  to  a  little  different 
quality  of  gas  and  each  liable  to  give  the  best  result  on  a  gas  of  unknown 
candle  power. 

18.  After  all  of  these  have  been  used,  and  the  maximum  result  secured, 
is  this  the  candle  power  of  the  gas  ?    No ;  for  there  is  at  least  one  other  burner 
which  might  be  employed,  the  Metropolitan  No.  2,  which  would  give  a  much 
higher  candle  power  than  any  of  the  above. 

65 


19.  This  latter  burner  has  been  adopted  as  official  by  the  London  Referees 
and  is  recognized  by  Parliament.    It  has  not  met  with  favor  in  this  country  for 
two  reasons :    First,  its  initial  cost,  which  places  it  beyond  the  reach  of  most 
consumers;  and,  second,  the  fact  that  it  gives  so  much  greater  candle  power 
than  the  burners  now  used.    Neither  of  these  is  a  scientific  reason,  for  science 
is  not  concerned  with  cost  and  is  concerned  with  securing  as  nearly  a  theoret- 
ically correct  result  as  possible. 

20.  It  has  been  argued  that  the  illuminating  value  of  gas  as  measured 
in  candle  power  is  not  a  definite  scientific  quantity  and  in  this  respect  differs 
from  the  calorific  value.     This  does  not  nullify  the  argument  that  the  manu- 
facturer is  entitled  to  a  judgment  of  his  product  based  upon  the  best  that  can 
be  attained  therefrom  using  the  most  accurate  scientific  instruments. 

21.  It  is  also  sometimes  urged  that  illuminating  value  should  be  measured 
with  an  open  flame  burner,  because  the  results  thus  obtained  would  more 
nearly  represent  the  value  of  the  gas  to  the  consumer.     Such  a  method  would 
not  measure  the  illuminating  value  of  the  gas,  but  rather  the  efficiency  of  the 
burner  used.     There  are  a  number  of  types  of  open  flame  burners  in  general 
use  whose  efficiency  varies  from  50  to  90  per  cent. 

22.  If  to  test  the  gas  the  Metropolitan  No.  2  burner  is  used,  the  consumer 
will  be  getting  the  gas  of  a  certain  fixed  illuminating  value  and  the  measure  of 
light  which  he  will  obtain  from  a  given  quantity  of  gas  will  depend  entirely 
upon  the  efficiency  of  his  burner. 

23.  From  the  above  discussion  it  is  evident  that  a  calorimetric  test  meas- 
ures much  more  accurately  the  heating  value  of  the  gas  than  a  photometric 
test  measures  the  illuminating  value.     In  the  test  itself,  even  eliminating  the 
question  of  burners,  the  percentage  of  probable  error  is  much  less  in  a  calori- 
metric test  than  in  a  photometric  test.    It  will  also  be  seen  that  calorimetric 
tests  may  be  made  with  sufficient  accuracy  by  other  than  highly  technical  men 
as  long  as  the  prescribed  rules  of  procedure  are  followed. 


INSTRUMENTS  USED  IN  INVESTIGATION  AND  CALIBRATION 
WORK  OF  PUBLIC  SERVICE  COMMISSION. 

24.  The  selection  of  those  calorimeters  that  assure  accuracy  in  determin- 
ing the  heating  value  of  the  gas,  and  yet  are  simple  in  operation,  received  con- 
siderable attention  from  the  Committee.    For  this  purpose  the  work  that  had 
been  done  on  the  subject  of  gas  calorimetry  was  reviewed.    A  study  was  made 
of  the  reports  of  the  Calorimetry  Committee  of  the  American  Gas  Institute 
made  in  the  years  1908,  1909  and  1912,  and  in  addition  consultations  were  held 
with  the  members  of  the  staff  of  the  National  Bureau  of  Standards,  Washing- 
ton, who  have  had  this  subject  under  investigation. 

25.  It  was  found  that  at  the  present  time  there  are  a  number  of  instru- 
ments in  use  and  on  the  market  designed  to  measure  the  heating  value  of  gas, 
but  employing  different  underlying  principles  in  their  operation.    After  giving 
the  matter  much  consideration,  it  was  found  advisable  to  employ  calorimeters 
for  this  investigation  of  the  water  heater  type,  and  only  those  that  expressed 
directly  the  heating  value  of  the  gas,  when  burning  a  known  quantity  of  gas 
and  imparting  the  heat  developed  to  a  known  quantity  of  water. 

26.  Of  the  calorimeters  approved  by  the  Committee,  only  three  have  been 
used  by  the  reporting  Companies  during  this  investigation.     They  are  the 
Junkers,  the  American  Meter  Company  and  the  Sargent.     These  instruments 
have  all  been  calibrated  and  checked  for  accuracy  at  the  Commission's  labora- 
tory at  Albany  and  in  their  operation  have  proved  satisfactory. 

66 


27.  It  is  interesting  to  note  in  this  connection  the  variation  in  efficiency 
of  instruments  after  a  period  of  continuous  operation  for  one  or  two  years. 
We  have  received  figures  from  the  laboratory  of  the  Commission  for  one  instru- 
ment tested  on  November  23,  1910,  and  again  on  October  15,  1912.    The  effi- 
ciency in  the  first  case  was  99.6  per  cent.,  and  in  the  second  case  99.5  per  cent. 
Another  instrument  was  tested  on  January  27,  1911,  and  again  on  November 
25,  1912,  the  efficiency  at  the  first  test  showing  99.8  per  cent,  efficiency  and  in 
the  second  case  99.4  per  cent,  efficiency.    Another  instrument  tested  November 
18,  1910,  and  having  an  efficiency  at  that  time  of  99.5  per  cent.,  was  tested 
again  on  December  16,  1912,  about  two  years,  and  showed  an  efficiency  of  99 
per  cent. 

28.  The  photometrical  measurements  were  made  in  the  usual  way  and  in 
accordance  with  the  State  requirements. 

29.  The  Primary  Standard  was  tested  by  the  Bureau  of  Standards  at 
Washington  by  means  of  an  electrical  burner,  with  the  following  results : 

October  22,  1910 Efficiency  99.5% 

April  22,   1912 Efficiency  99.8% 

30.  All   wet   meters   were   calibrated   prior  to   the  investigation.      The 
calibration  of  calorimeter  thermometers  showed  that  those  used  in  the  inves- 
tigation  were    of  high   class,   the   corrections    applicable   being   very   small. 

31.  In  the  table   following  the   efficiencies  of  the  calorimeters   of  the 
participating    companies    are    given.      Column    I.    shows    the    efficiencies    as 
determined   against   the   Primary   Standard   in   the   laboratory   of  the   Com- 
mission at  Albany,  before  the  companies  began  to  report  to  the  Committee. 
Column  IV.  gives  the  results  against  the  Primary  Standard  after  the  com- 
panies ceased  reporting.    There  is  thus  an  interval  of  at  least  fifteen  months 
between  the  results  in  Column  I.  and  IV.  in  nearly  every  instance,  and  in 
some  cases  over  two  years.     The  efficiencies  given  in  Columns  II.  and  III. 
were  determined  by  the  use  of  the  Secondary  Standard  at  the  plants  of  the 
companies  by  traveling  gas  inspectors  of  the  Commission  and  at  intervals 
of  several  months. 


EFFICIENCIES  OF  CALORIMETERS  DETERMINED  BY 
PUBLIC  SERVICE  COMMISSION 


Company 
Number 

Column 
I. 

Column 
II. 

V3 

vs 

Primary 

Secondary 

Standard 

Standard 

1 

99.8 

2 

99.3 

98.8 

3 

99.8 

98.5 

4 

99.5 

99.7 

5* 

99.3 

6 

99.2 

97.7 

« 

99.7 

7 

99.5 

99.6 

8 

99.4 

99.4 

(  i 

99.5 

98.8 

c  < 

99.1 

99.4 

i  I 

99.6 

9 

99.3 

Column 
III. 

vs 

Secondary 
Standard 

99.6 
99.2 
99.6 
99.0 

99.6 
98.9 

99.4 
99.5 
98.7 


Column 

rv. 

vs 

Primary 
Standard 

99.3 
99.4 
99.4 
99.0 

98.4 
99.1 
99.3 
99.6 
99.2 
99.3 
99.5 
99.6 


67 


Company 

Number 

Column 
I. 

vs 

Primary 

Standard 

10 

99.3 

11 

99.6 

12 

99.3 

13 

98.2 

14 

99.3 

15 

99.8 

16* 

*  Same  instrument. 

Column 
II. 

vs 

Secondary 
Standard 

99.1 
99.9 
99.0 
99.2 


99.0 


Column 

Column 

III. 

IV. 

vs 

vs 

Secondary 

Primary 

Standard 

Standard 

99.8 

99.8 

99.5 

98.7 

97.6 

99.0 

99.0 

99.2 


99.3 


32.  These  tests  not  only  indicate  that  the  variation  in  efficiency  of  a 
calorimeter  is  slight,  but  also  that  a  more  satisfactory  result  is  obtained 
when  this  calibration  is  performed  in  the  laboratory  of  the  Commission, 
which  has  been  especially  equipped  for  just  such  work. 


68 


APPENDIX    F. 


REPRINT  OF  CALORIMETRIC  RULES,  REGULATIONS  AND 
SPECIFICATIONS. 

Adopted  May  6,  1910,  by  the  Joint  Committee  on  Calorimetry,  representing 
the  Public  Service  Commission  and  G-as  Corporations  in  the  Second  Public 
Service  District,  New  York  State. 

INTRODUCTORY    NOTES. 

(1)  A  preliminary  inquiry  into  the  heat  units  of  gas  supplied  in  New 
York  State  was  made  in  1908  and  1909  by  the  Division  of  Light,  Heat  and 
Power  of  the  Public  Service  Commission,  Second  District,  by  direction  of  the 
Commission.    The  inquiry  was  conducted  under  the  immediate  supervision  of 
Mr.  Charles  H.  Stone,  the  Chief  Inspector  of  Gas. 

(2)  The  results  of  the  determinations  were  submitted  to  the  Commission 
in  a  report  by  the  Chief  of  the  Division,  Mr.  Henry  C.  Hazzard,  under  date  of 
October  29,  1909. 

(3)  Under  date   of  December  8,   1909,  the  Commission   addressed  the 
following  communication  to  each  gas  corporation: 

"Albany,  December  8,  1909. 

"To  Corporations  Engaged  in  Furnishing  or  Distributing  Coal  Gas,  Water 
"Gas,  or  Mixed  Gas: 

"By  resolution  duly  adopted,  this  Commission  has  appointed  February  1, 
1910,  as  the  date  for  a  conference  with  representatives  of  gas  companies  on 
the  subject  of  standards  for  the  measurement  of  the  value  of  gas. 

"The  particular  object  of  the  conference  is  to  obtain  an  interchange  of 
views  on  the  necessity  for  a  calorific  standard,  and  on  all  questions  necessarily 
incidental  thereto. 

"A  preliminary  inquiry  into  the  subject  has  been  completed,  the  results 
of  which  are  embodied  in  a  report  by  the  Chief  of  Division  of  Light,  Heat 
and  Power.  For  your  information  therein  we  are  sending  you  under  separate 
cover  a  printed  copy  of  this  report. 

"The  conference  will  begin  at  2  p.  m.,  in  the  hearing  room  of  this  Com- 
mission, at  the  Capitol,  Albany,  on  the  above  mentioned  date,  and  if  necessary 
will  be  continued  the  following  day.  You  are  respectfully  requested  to  have  a 
representative  present. 

"Very  truly  yours, 

"J.  S.  KENNEDY, 

"Secretary." 

69 


(4)  The  conference  on  February  1,  1910,  decided  upon  the  desirability 
of  establishing  a  joint  committee  under  whose  immediate  charge  and  direction, 
subject  to  the  approval  of  the  Commission,  the  inquiry  should  be  concluded. 

(5)  The  Commission  appointed  to  serve  on  such  committee : 

Messrs.  Henry  C.  Hazzard,  Chief  of  Division  of  Light,  Heat  and  Power. 

Howard  H.  Crowell,  Engineer  of  Division  of  Light,  Heat  and 
Power. 

Charles  H.  Stone,  Chief  Inspector  of  Gas,  Division  of  Light,  Heat 
and  Power. 

The  gas  corporations  represented  at  the  conference  appointed  to  serve 
on  such  committee: 

Messrs.  R.  M.  Searle,  Rochester  Railway  and  Light  Company. 
W.  R.  Addicks,  Westchester  Lighting  Company. 

T.  R.  Beal,  Poughkeepsie  and  Newburgh  Light,  Heat  and  Power 
Companies. 

J.  C.  DeLong,  Syracuse  Lighting  Company. 

"W.  T.  Morris,  United  States  Gas  and  Electric  Company. 

M.  W.  Offutt,  Mohawk  Gas  Company. 

(6)  This  Joint  Committee,  of  which  Mr.  Henry  C.  Hazzard  was  elected 
Chairman  on  February  11,  1910,  appointed  a  sub-committee  of  three,  consisting 
of  Messrs.  W.  R.  Addicks,  James  C.  DeLong  and  Charles  H.  Stone.    The  sub- 
committee in  the  discharge  of  its  duties  submitted  the  following  report,  which 
was  duly  adopted  by  the  Joint  Committee  at  a  meeting  held  March  11,  1910, 
and  revised  May  6,   1910,   and  ordered  printed  for  the   guidance  of  those 
participating  in  the  inquiry: 


REPORT  OF  A  SUB-COMMITTEE  OF  THE  JOINT  COMMITTEE  OF  NINE 


REPRESENTING  THE  NEW  YORK  PUBLIC  SERVICE  COMMISSION, 

SECOND  DISTRICT,  AND  REPRESENTATIVES  ELECTED  AT  A 

MEETING  OF  GAS  COMPANIES  IN  ALBANY, 

FEBRUARY  1,  1910. 


At  a  meeting  of  the  Joint  Committee  held  in  Albany  February  11,  1910, 
resolutions  were  adopted  providing  for  the  appointment  of  a  sub-committee 
consisting  of  Mr.  Addicks,  Mr.  DeLong  and  Mr.  Stone  to  prepare  and  submit 
to  the  Joint  Committee : 

70 


(1)  Specifications  for  a  primary  standard  calorimeter; 

(2)  Rules  and  regulations  for  the  installation  and  operation  of  calori- 
meters at  plants  of  gas  corporations ; 

(3)  Suggestions    as   to    suitable   types    of   calorimeters   for   use,   when 
checked  against  the  primary  standard,  at  gas  plants. 

In  accordance  with  the  above,  your  sub-committee  begs  leave  to  report 
as  follows : 


HEATING  VALUE  OF  GAS. 


(1)  The  definition  of  the  heating  value  of  gas  adopted  by  your  sub- 
committee for  the  purposes  of  this  report  and  the  investigations  to  be  here- 
after conducted  is  that  given  by  the  American  Gas  Institute,  Vol.  III.,  1908, 
page  383,  as  follows : 

"The  heating  value  of  a  gas  is  the  total  heating  effect  produced  by 
the  complete  combustion  of  a  unit  volume  of  the  gas,  measured  at  a 
temperature  of  60  degrees  Fahrenheit,  and  a  pressure  of  30  inches  of 
mercury,  with  air  of  the  same  temperature  and  pressure,  the  products  of 
combustion  also  being  brought  to  this  temperature. 

' '  In  America  the  unit  of  volume  is  the  cubic  foot  and  we  recommend 
that  the  heating  value  be  stated  in  terms  of  British  Thermal  Units  per 
cubic  foot  of  gas." 


PRIMARY   STANDARD—  TO   BE   MAINTAINED   AT   LABORATORY   OF 
THE  COMMISSION  AT  ALBANY. 


_ 

1.  The  Primary  Standard  shall  be  a  new  instrument,  and  shall  consist 
of  the  calorimeter  proper,  as  manufactured  by  Junkers  &  Company,  Dessau, 
Germany,  and  as  illustrated  by  Instrument  No.  1221,  now  in  possession  of  the 
Public  Service  Commission  of  the  Second  District,  State  of  New  York. 

2.  The  meter  for  measuring  the  gas  shall  be  a  wet  meter,  having  a  drum 
capacity  of  1/10  of  a  cubic  foot  for  each  revolution,  and  with  an  outside  gauge 
glass  for  indicating  the  water  level.    The  dial  shall  read  in  tenths,  hundredths 
and  thousandths  of  a  cubic  foot.    This  meter  shall  be  of  the  size  and  pattern 
supplied  by  the  American  Meter  Company,  fulfilling  the  above  requirement. 

3.  The  thermometers   for  use  in  determining  the   temperature   of  the 
water  entering  and  leaving  the  calorimeter  shall  be  of  the  design  recom- 
mended by  the  Calorimetry  Committee  of  the  American  Gas  Institute.    They 

71 


shall  have  a  range  of  from  60  to  110  degrees  F.,  shall  be  subdivided  to  read 
1/10  of  one  degree,  and  shall  have  an  auxiliary  division  at  32  degrees  F.  for 
checking  the  ice  point.  They  shall  be  calibrated  throughout  their  entire  range. 

4.  The  thermometers  for  reading  the  temperatures  of  the  gas,  the  atmo- 
sphere and  the  exhaust  products  shall  be  graduated  in  degrees  F.,  shall  be 
accurate  to  within  one-half  (Va)  of  one  degree,  and  shall  be  calibrated  through- 
out their  entire  range. 

5.  Gas  used  for  standardizing  purposes  shall  be  stored  in  a  holder  of 
not  less  than  50  cu.  ft.  capacity. 

6.  The  gas  pressure  at  the  inlet  of  the  meter  shall  approximate  existing 
normal  distribution  pressure  supplied  to  consumers  of  artificial  gas,  and  this 
pressure  shall  be  added  to  the  barometric  pressure  and  taken  into  account 
when  making  the  barometric  corrections  as  indicated  hereafter. 

7.  The  gas  governor  placed  between  the  meter  and  the  burner  shall  be 
of  the  float  type  now  supplied  with  the  Junkers  Calorimeter. 

8.  Arrangements  shall  be  made  for  accurately  weighing  the  water  pass- 
ing through  the  calorimeter,  and  the  balance  employed  shall  have  a  capacity 
of  ten  (10)  pounds  avoirdupois,  and  give  the  correct  weight  at  that  capacity 
to  within  0.001  of  one  pound. 

9.  The  calorimeter,  balance,  weights  and  thermometers  shall  be  carried 
to  Washington  and  there  standardized  and  calibrated  by  the  National  Bureau 
of  Standards.     The   gas  meter   shall  be  tested  against   a   cubic  foot  bottle 
bearing  the  seal  of  the  said  National  Bureau  of  Standards. 

10.  The  water  supply  to  the  calorimeter  shall  be  filtered,  and  so  arranged 
that  the  water  entering  the  calorimeter  shall  be  of  a  uniform  pressure  and 
temperature,  and  that  temperature  shall  be  within  two    (2)    degrees  of  the 
temperature  of  the  atmosphere  surrounding  the  calorimeter,  and  of  the  exhaust 
products  leaving  the  calorimeter. 

11.  The  gas  as  metered  and  entering  the  calorimeter  shall  have  approxi- 
mately the  room  temperature,  and  shall  be  corrected  to  60°  F.  and  30"  baro- 
metric pressure,  the  latter  to   be  read  from   U.   S.   Signal   Service   type   of 
barometer. 

12.  The  calorimeters  shall  be  operated  with  the  minimum  quantity  of 
air  to  effect  complete  combustion  of  the  gas,  which  shall  be  burned  at  a  rate 
giving  the  maximum  calorific  efficiency. 

13.  Corrections  shall  be  made  for  atmospheric  humidity. 

14.  The   entire   apparatus  shall  be  installed  in   a  proper  room  of  the 
Laboratory  of  the  Public  Service  Commission,  Second  District,  in  Albany. 

72 


m. 

SECONDARY  STANDARD— TO  BE  USED  IN  CHECKING  THE 
CALORIMETERS  OF  THE  GAS  COMPANIES  IN  SITU. 

1.  The  Secondary  Standards  used  by  the  Public   Service  Commission, 
Second  District,  New  York,  shall  consist  of  calorimeters  and  accessories  which 
with  the  operating  methods  employed  shall  give,  within  2%,  the  heating  value 
of  the  gas,  as  determined  by  the  Primary  Standard  heretofore  recommended. 

2.  The  Secondary  Standards  shall  be  checked  against  the  Primary  Stand- 
ard at  such  intervals  as  will  maintain  the  calorimeters  and  accessory  apparatus 
in  condition  to  fulfill  the  said  2%  requirement,  and  the  results  of  such  tests 
shall  be  recorded  and  filed. 

3.  The  Secondary  Standards  shall  be  used  for  checking  the  calorimeters 
of  the  companies  engaged  in  experimental  work  relating  to  the  heating  value 
of  artificial  gas ;  said  checking  should  be  made  not  oftener  than  once  in  thirty 
(30)  days,  and  shall  be  made  at  least  once  in  ninety  (90)  days. 


IV. 

GENERAL  SPECIFICATIONS   AND   RECOMMENDATIONS  FOR 
CALORIMETER  INSTALLATIONS  BY  GAS  COMPANIES 

1.  We  recommend  the  adoption  of  a  calorimeter  of  the  water  heater  type 
(see  ft  2),  which  when  new  shall  be  tested  against  the  State's  Primary  Stand- 
ard, and  we  feel  that  an  instrument  should  be  required  to  have  an  efficiency 
within  2%  of  the  Primary  Standard  (see  page  71). 

In  determining  the  calorific  value  of  the  gas  we  recommend : 

(a)  The  measuring  of  the  gas  in  cubic  feet  (see  ft  9). 

(b)  Taking  all   temperatures   of   air,   gas   and  water   with   Fahrenheit 
thermometers  (see  fl  22). 

(c)  Weighing  or  measuring  the  water  in  pounds  and  hundredths  of  a 
pound  (see  fl  30). 

(d)  Correction  of  the  volume  of  the  gas  to  standard  volume,  as  expressed 
when  measured  at  a  temperature  of  sixty  (60)  degrees  Fahrenheit,  and  baro- 
metric pressure  of  thirty  (30)  inches  of  mercury  (see  fl  29). 

(e)  Expressing    the    result    of    all    calorific    determinations    in    British 
Thermal  Units  (B.  t.  u. 's)   [see  page  71]. 

(f)  That  at  this  time,  with  the  information  before  us,  we  believe  that  a 
calorimeter  in  commercial  use  may  be  expected  to  give  results  with  an  effi- 
ciency within  3%  of  the  Primary  Standard,  in  which  case  it  should  be  held 
to  be  commercially  correct.     A  record  should  be  kept  of  the  periodic  tests 
made  by  the  State's  Inspector  with  the  Secondary  Standard. 

Calorimeter  Proper. 

2.  The  calorimeter  proper  shall  be  an  instrument  that  transmits  directly 
the  heat  evolved  by  the  burning  gas  to  a  quantity  of  water:  it  shall  at  this 
writing  be  of  a  design  operating  on  the  principle  as  illustrated  by  that  of  the 
Junkers  Gas  Calorimeter.     This  calorimeter  shall  be  accompanied  by  acces- 
sories that  shall  measure  definitely  the  gas  burned;  the  water  heated  and  the 
temperatures  of  the  gas,  water,  air  and  exhaust  products. 

73 


3.  The  apparatus  should  be  designed  to  give  a  constant  head  of  water 
on  the  Calorimeter.    This  head  should  be  maintained  by  having  a  weir  overflow 
on  the  inlet  at  some  distance  above  the  top  of  the  calorimeter,  and  a  weir 
overflow  at  the  outlet.     The  rate  of  flow  through  the  calorimeter  should  be 
regulated  at  the  inlet  by  means  of  a  cock  with  graduated  scale. 

4.  The  calorimeter  should  be  so  built  that  the  water  will  circulate  freely, 
and  will  be  equally  distributed  throughout  the  apparatus.    Baffle  plates  should 
be  so  arranged  that  the  water  will  be  thoroughly  mixed  before  coming  in  con- 
tact with  the  bulb   of  the   outlet  thermometer,   insuring  a   correct   average 
reading.    The  design  should  be  such  that  air  pockets  cannot  form  in  the  water 
space  of  the  calorimeter. 

5.  The  calorimeter  should  be  made  of  bright  polished  metal,  air  jacketed 
in  all  its  parts. 

6.  There  should  be  a  damper  in  the  exhaust  gas  flue  which  can  be  easily 
adjusted,  and  which  cannot  be  moved  by  a  slight  jar. 

7.  The  calorimeter  should  be  mounted  at  a  height  sufficient  to  make  it 
easy  to  put  the  burner  in  place,  and  on  legs  with  a  spread  great  enough  to 
insure  a  firm  base. 

8.  It  may  prove  desirable  in  practice  to  have  .water  .thermometers. on 
the  same  level,  to  facilitate  readings,  as  recommended  by  the  Calorimetry 
Committee  of  the  American  Gas  Institute.     The  openings  for  thermometers 
should  be  large  enough  to  take  a  No.  4  rubber  stopper. 

Meters. 

9.  For  a  meter,  we  recommend  a  wet  meter,  and  one  registering  1/10 
cubic  foot  per  revolution. 

10.  The  large  dial  should  be  divided  into  100  equal  parts,  with  every 

tenth  part  distinctly  marked  to  facilitate  reading.  In  addition  to  the  large 
dial,  there  should  be  a  smaller  dial  to  register  the  number  of  revolutions  of 
the  large  hand ;  this  dial  should  register  tens,  units  and  tenths  of  a  cubic  foot. 

11.  The  face  of  the  meter  should  be  enameled  and  no  glass  used  on  the 
front,  thereby  preventing  error  due  to  parallax.    The  face  of  the  meter  should 
be  easily  removable,  in  order  to  get  at  the  shaft  and  the  stuffing  box  on  the 
shaft.    This  stuffing  box  should  be  of  a  size  large  enough  to  be  easily  packed. 

12.  The  large  hand  of  the  meter  should  be  well  pointed,  and  not  extend 
to  the  outer  end  of  graduations  of  the  meter  dial.     The  meter  should  have 
leveling  screws. 

13.  Two  leveling  tubes,  placed  at  right  angles  to  each  other,  should  be 
securely  fastened  to  the  top  of  the  meter. 

14.  The  meter  should  have  an  outside  gauge  glass  showing  the  water 
level.    This  glass  should  not  be  less  than  %-inch,  nor  more  than  %-inch,  inside 
diameter,  as  it  is  necessary  to  have  the   glass  large   enough  t6  be  readily 
cleaned,  and  small  enough  that  the  meniscus  formed  by  the  water  can  be 
accurately  read.     The  openings  from  the  gauge  to  the  meter  should  be  unob- 
structed, and  of  a  size  to  correspond  with  the  size  of  the  gauge  glass.    A  fixed 
point  to  show  the  correct  water  level,  reading  to  the  bottom  of  the  meniscus, 
should  be  put  on  the  outside  of  all  water  level  gauge  glasses. 

15.  For  convenience,  a  standard  3-light  meter  union  should  be  used  on 
all  meters,  and  hose  nipples  for  %-inch  hose  should  be  furnished  with  the 
unions. 

* 
74 


16.  The  meter  should  be  provided  with  an  opening  for  the  addition  of 
water  when  needed.     This  can  be  done  by  using  a  pet  cock,  with  a  small 
covered  funnel  mounted  on  top,   connected  to   the  top   of  the   gauge   glass 
support. 

17.  An  opening  must  be  left  for  a  thermometer  in  or  near  the  gas  outlet. 
This  thermometer  should  have  a  metal  case  and  read  to  one  degree  Fahrenheit, 
with  a  range  of  from  about  50  to  100  degrees,  and  accurate  to  within  %  degree. 

18.  An  opening  with  a  plug  connection  should  be  left  on  the  bottom 
of  the  meter  to  drain  it  when  so  desired. 

19.  The  number  of  joints  liable  to  cause  leakage  should  be  reduced  to  a 
minimum. 

Gas  Pressure  Regulator. 

20.  The  pressure  of  the  gas  when  burning  in  the  calorimeter  should  be 
absolutely  uniform  to  obtain  correct  results,  and  any  small  regulator  that  will 
maintain  this  uniform  pressure  will  be  satisfactory.     We  recommend  the  use 
of  a  small  wet  governor,  similar  to  the  one  supplied  with  the  Junkers  Calori- 
meter.    This  will  give  excellent  regulation,  and  will  operate  without  chatter- 
ing. N  Such  a  regulator  should  be  constructed  so  as  to  be  readily  weighted  for 
altering  the  delivered  pressure. 

Burners. 

21.  The  burner  should  be  a  long  tube  Bunsen,  having  a  spreader  on  top, 
and  adjustable  air  mixer  which  can  be  easily  reached  when  burner  is  in 
position  in  the  calorimeter.    The  burner  should  be  provided  with  a  stop-cock. 
The  burner  should  be  attached  to  the  calorimeter  in  such  a  way  that  the  gas 
flame  cannot  impinge  on  the  interior  body  of  the  calorimeter,  and  when  the 
burner  is  set  at  its  correct  position  it  should  be  so  fastened  that  it  cannot  be 
accidentally  shifted.    The  condition  of  the  flame  should  be  observable  by  the 
operator,  either  directly  or  by  means  of  a  reflecting  mirror. 

Thermometers. 

22.  Accurate  thermometers  are  the  most  important  accessories  to  correct 
calorimetry. 

23.  The  thermometers  for  reading  water  temperatures  should  be  of  high- 
grade  quality,  and  should  read  accurately  within  1/10  of  a  degree  Fahrenheit. 

24.  The   thermometers   should   be   graduated   from   60   to    110   degrees 
Fahrenheit,  each  degree  to  be  divided  into  tenths,  .with  short,  distinct  gradua- 
tions.    The   thermometers   should  be   so   accurately  made  that   in   ordinary 
commercial  work   corrections  may  be  neglected.        With   each  thermometer 
should  be  provided  a  calibration  curve,  which  should  enable  very  accurate 
results  to  be   obtained  whenever  it  was   deemed  necessary  to  make  these 
corrections. 

25.  This  matter  of  high-grade  thermometers  for  calorimetry  work  has 
been  taken  up  with  several  thermometer  makers  by  the  American  Gas  Insti- 
tute's    Calorimetry    Committee,    which    reported    that    Messrs.    Hohmann    & 
Maurer,  of  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  are  now  delivering  a  thermometer  that  has  been 
built  according  to  its  recommendations.     The  thermometers  have  a  range  of 
from  60  to  110°  F.,  and  graduated  to  1/10  degree,  having  an  auxiliary  divi- 
sion at  32°  F.,  which  is  convenient  for  carefully  checking  the  ice  point.    These 
thermometers  are  carefully  made  and  have  a  bore  that  is  exceedingly  uniform 
and  accurate.     This  Committee  hopes  that  other  makers  will  place  on  the 
market  similar  instruments. 

V 

75 


26.  The  error  of  1/10°  above  mentioned  may  seem  to  be  a  small  matter, 
and  it  is  in  most  measures  of  temperature,  but  when  the  calorific  value  of  an 
artificial  gas  is  determined  with  a  rise  in  the  water  temperature  of  15°  F 
a  difference  of  1/10°  means  an  error  of  1/150  of  the  total  heat  of  the  gas   or 
about  four  (4)  B.  t.  u.'s. 

27.  When  doubt  arises  as  to  correctness  of  thermometers,  we  recommend 
their  calibration  by  the  National  Bureau  of  Standards  at  Washington. 

28.  Telescopic  sights  for  reading  thermometers  should  be  provided,  as 
much  more  accurate  readings  can  be  obtained  in  this  way. 

Barometer. 

29.  Corrections  for  variation  in  barometric  pressure  should  be  made  in 
measuring  the  volume  of  the  gas.     This  pressure  should  either  be  obtained  by 
means  of  a  mercury  column  barometer  or  by  a  recently  calibrated  aneroid 
barometer.     Where  it  is  possible  barometer  readings  should  be  checked  occa- 
sionally with  readings  of  the  Government  Weather  Bureau   of  the  city  in 
which  the  readings  are  made.     Where  no  barometer  is  available,  it  may  be 
possible  to  get  fairly  accurate  figures  on  pressure  by  obtaining  from  the  local 
Weather  Bureau  the   barometer   readings  for  the   day,   and   correcting   for 
variations  in  elevation. 

Water  Supply  and  Measurement. 

30.  The  control  of  the  temperature  of  the  water  supply  is  very  important 
in  calorimetry,   and  this  temperature  should   be   approximately  that   of  the 
room  in  which  the  observations  are  being  made.     Water  obtained  from  an 
ordinary  house  piping  system  is  apt  to  be  variable  in  pressure  and  temperature, 
due  to  the  uneven  consumption  in  other  parts  of  the  building,  and  possible 
exposure  of  the  water  main  to  the  extreme  temperatures  of  the  ground  or 
atmosphere.    This  control  of  temperature  or  pressure  may  be  readily  obtained 
by  providing  a  permanent  water  supply  tank  in  the  upper  part  of  the  calori- 
meter room,  that  will  contain  enough  water  to  enable  the  readings  for  the 
day  to  be  made.     A  flat  tank  of  large  horizontal  area  is  preferable  to  a  deep 
vertical  tank.     The  exposed  surface  allows  the  water  to  come  to  the  tem- 
perature of  the  room  more  readily,  while  the  shallow  depth  has  less  effect  on 
the  head  as  the  water  is  being  used. 

31.  Should  a  number  of  continuous  readings  be  made  that  will  require 
more  water  than  is  contained  in  the  overhead  tank,  a  simple  coil  gas  water 
heater  may  be  employed  to  raise  the  temperature  of  the  water  supply  to  the 
overhead  tank,  so  that  it  will  enter  this  tank  at  approximately  the  temperature 
of  the  room.    The  tank  will  then  act  as  an  equalizer  and  assist  in  maintaining  a 
uniform  temperature  and  pressure  of  water  entering  the  calorimeter. 

32.  Water  may  be  collected  and  weighed  in  thin  sheet  metal  containers, 
holding  about  nine  (9)  pounds  of  water.     This  size  container  will  hold  all  the 
water  required  in  burning  0.2  of  a  cubic  foot  of  ordinary  illuminating  gas, 
with  a  range  of  about  fifteen  (15)  degrees  Fahrenheit  in  temperature  between 
the  inlet  and  outlet  water.     The  scales,  or  balance,  employed  should  have  a 
capacity  of  at  least  ten  pounds,  should  read  to  1/100  of  a  pound,  and  should 
be  calibrated  and  certified  to  as  being  correct  by  proper  authorities. 

33.  Should  it  be  desired  to  measure  the  water  volumetrically,  instead 
of  weighing  it,  graduated  vessels  may  be  employed  that  will  read  accurately 
the  water  passed  through  the  calorimeter  to  within  1/100  of  a  pound.     Such 
vessels,  however,  shall  be  approved  by  the  Commission  and  calibrated    (by 
State  or  National  authority)  at  60°  F.  and  accompanied  by  a  curve  to  correct 
for  other  temperatures. 

76 


Gas  Piping  and  Tubing. 

34.  Gas  connections  for  a  calorimeter  should  consist  of  metallic  piping 
or  tubing  where  possible ;  rubber  tubing  is  not  advisable,  but  when  necessary, 
the  lengths  used  in  conducting  the  gas  should  be  as  short  as  possible,  and 
they  should  be  thoroughly  saturated  with  gas  before  a  test  is  made. 

Humidity. 

35.  It  may  be  desirable  to  have  the  state  of  the  humidity  of  the  atmo- 
sphere during  the  test,  in  which  case  percentage  readings  may  be  made  from 
wet  and  dry  bulb  llu'rmometers.    For  accurate  work  these  wet  and  dry  bulb 
thermometers  should  be  arranged  so  that  the  average  humidity  of  the  room 
may  be  obtained.    This  may  be  done  by  having  a  whirling  wet  thermometer,  or 
having  a  constant  current  of  air  impinging  upon  the  wet  bulb  from  an  electric 
fan  ;  or,  a  more  perfect  instrument  in  the  form  of  an  Assman  Psychrometer 
may  be  obtained.     These  humidity  readings  of  the  atmosphere  will  not  be 
found  ordinarily  necessary  in  commercial  calorimetry,  but  may  be  'useful  if 
it  is  desired  to  make  corrections  for  heat  absorbed  in  saturating  the  products 
of  combustion. 


Calorimeter  Cabinet. 

36.  To  facilitate  the  operation  of  the  calorimeters  at  the  various  gas 
plants,  the  calorimeters  should  preferably  be  installed  in  a  cabinet,  similar  to 
that  recommended  in  the  Report  of  the  Calorimetry  Committee  of  the  American 
Gas  Institute,  as  contained  in  the  American  Gas  Institute  Proceedings,  Vol.  IV., 
1909,  pages  205  and  206.    This  sketch  represents  a  typical  cabinet,  suitable  for 
use  in  some  convenient  building,  either  at  the  gas  works  or  gas  office,  and  of 
such  a  design  that  when  the  calorimeter  is  once  placed  and  connected  up,  it 
may  be  kept  clean,  protected  and  ready  for  use  at  all  times. 

37.  In  construction,  the  cabinet  should  be  made  as  dust  tight  as  prac- 
ticable.   "Where  there  is  not  enough  head  room  for  a  vertical  sliding  door,  hori- 
zontal sliding  or  folding  doors  may  be  substituted.       This  cabinet  should 
provide  for  an  overhead  water  tank,  and  may  be  most  conveniently  located 
adjacent  to  a  sink  and  water  supply. 

38.  The  gas  supply  line  to  .the  calorimeter  should  have  a  purging  con- 
nection.   All  cocks  controlling  the  gas  and  water  supply  should  be  inside  of 
the  cabinet,  and  the  cabinet  should  be  kept  closed  and  locked  when  not  in 
service. 

39.  This  cabinet  shall  not  be  near  any  gas  flame,  register  or  other  object 
radiating  heat;  direct  sunlight  shall  not  be  allowed  to  strike  upon  it,  but  the 
thermometers  and  meter  shall  receive  sufficient  reflected  artificial  light  to 
enable  them  to  be  easily  read.     Since  drafts  must  be  rigorously  excluded,  it 
is  better,  wherever  possible,  to  set  aside  a  room  solely  for  the  use  of  the 
calorimetric  outfit. 

40.  The  adoption  of  such  an  installation  will  enable  a  calorific  reading 
of  the  gas  to  be  made  in  a  very  short  time,  and  will  warrant  the  best  of  care 
being  taken  of  the  calorimeter  and  of  its  accessories. 

41.  After  installation  and  before  undertaking  investigations  involving 
experimental  data,  the  above  equipment  should  be  inspected  by  the  Chief 
Inspector  of  Gas  of  the  State  Commission  and  have  the  approval   of  the 
Commission. 

77 


V. 

DIRECTIONS  FOR  OPERATING  A  CALORIMETER. 

1.  On  unpacking  the  Calorimeter,  see  that  it  is  cleaned  inside  and  out, 
and  free  of  packing  material. 

2.  Study  carefully  the  erecting  directions  and  cuts  and  see  that  all  parts 
are  included. 

3.  Handle  the  thermometers  with  the  greatest  of  care. 

4.  The  Calorimeter  should  be  set  up  in  a  quiet,  light  and  well-ventilated 
room  or  cabinet,  which  is  free  from  draughts  and  in  which  the  temperature 
can  be  maintained  constant  at  not  less  than  sixty  degrees  Fahrenheit.     The 
room  should  be  provided  with  a  sink  and  with  a  good  supply  of  running 
water.     It  is  advisable  to  have  a  large  shallow  overhead  covered  tank,  from 
which  the  water  supply  can  be  taken.    Should  the  tank  capacity  be  small  and 
not  hofd  enough  water  for  a  prolonged  series  of  readings,  a  small  gas  water 
heater  may  be  employed  as  already  noted  to  bring  the  water  to  approximately 
the  room  temperature.    It  is  desirable  to  use  water  in  the  Calorimeter  that  is 
clear  and  free  from  suspended  matter,  therefore,  a  filter  should  be  installed 
in  the  water  supply  line  before  it  enters  the  overhead  tank. 

5.  If  only  a  single  test  is  desired,  gas  may  be  taken  from  the  house 
piping,  but  if  an  average  value  is  required,  a  small  gas  holder,  or  averaging 
tank,  should  be  used,  and  the  gas  flowing  into  the  holder  adjusted  to  a  rate 
of  flow  to  just  fill  it  in  the  time  during  which  the  sample  is  to  be  taken. 
Care  should  be  taken  to  have  a  short  service  to  this  holder  in  order  that  an 
average  sample  of  gas  may  be  obtained,  and  if  the  sample  be  taken  from  a 
line   on  which  there   is  no   considerable   consumption,   see  that   this   line   is 
thoroughly  purged   before    sampling.     It  is   recommended   that  the    gas  be 
metered  at  a  pressure  not  to  exceed  2  inches  of  water;  if  this  is  not  obtain- 
able, it  is  advisable  to  insert  a  holder  or  diaphragm  governor  in  the  supply 
line  to  reduce  the  pressure  to  within  this  limit. 

6.  Set  up  the  calorimeter  so  that  the  overflow  and  outlet  water  can  be 
easily  led  to  the  sink.     Make  water  connections  with  rubber  tubing,  being 
careful  not  to  cramp  the  tubing.    To  avoid  air  currents  caused  by  the  move- 
ment of  the  observer's  body,  set  up  the  calorimeter  so  that  the  water  supply 
and  waste  may  be  easily  adjusted  and  that  all  temperatures  may  be  readily 
observed.     Lead  the  outlet  water  to  a  waste  funnel  supported  a  little  above 
the  top  of  the  copper  or  glass  container  used  in  collecting  the  water,  so  that 
the  water  can  be  shifted  from  the  funnel  to  the  container  and  back  without 
spilling. 

7.  Set  up  the  gas  meter  facing  the  observer  and  level  it  carefully.    Then 
adjust  the  water  level  of  the  meter,  both  inlet  and  outlet  being  open  to  the 
air.     To  do  this,  remove  the  plug  from  the  dry  well,  open  the  funnel  cock 
and  disconnect  the  tubing  on  the  outlet  of  the  meter.    With  one  finger  over 
the  dry  well  turn  on  the  gas  a  little  and  by  removing  and  replacing  the  finger 
see  that  there  is  no  water  in  the  dry  well.    If  water  be  found  therein  it  must 
be  blown  out  by  gas  pressure.    Notice  whether  the  water  in  the  gauge  glass 
moves  freely,  as,  if  it  does  not,  the  meter  is  out  of  order.    Now  remove  the 
finger  from  the  dry  well  and  add  or  remove  water  (through  the  funnel  or  by 
the  cock  under  the  gauge  glass)  until  the  lowest  edge  of  the  meniscus  just 
touches  the  scratch  on  the  gauge  glass,  or  is  even  with  the  fixed  pointer. 
Replace  the  plug  in  the  dry  well,  close  the  funnel  valv.e  and  connect  the 
governor.     If  the  meter  has  been  filled  with  fresh  water  the  gas  must  be 
allowed  to  burn  at  least  two  hours  before  making  a  test.    When  the  water 
in  the  meter  is  saturated  with  gas,  twenty  minutes  should  be  sufficient. 

78 


8.  Fill  pressure  regulator  with  water,  then  connect  it  to  the  calorimeter 
burner.     Metallic  tubing  is  preferable,  but  when  rubber  tubing  is  used  to 
connect  meter,  pressure  regulator  and  burner,  connections  should  be  as  short 
as  possible,  and  should  be  saturated  with  the  gas. 

9.  Turn  on  gas  and  allow  it  to  burn  for  5  or  10  minutes  with  the  burner 
on  the  table.     Shut  off  gas  at  burner  and  watch  hand  on  meter  for  leakage. 
Be  sure  that  all  leaks  are  stopped  before  attempting  to  make  a  test.     Start 
: water  running  through  the  calorimeter  at  a  rate  of  about  three  pounds  per 
minute.     Then  regulate  the  gas  to  flow  at  the  rate  of  4  to  7  feet  an  hour,  as 
may  be  found  by  experiment  to  give  the  highest  result  with  the  gas  to  be 
tested,  admitting  enough  air  through  the  burner  so  that  the  flame  shows  a 
faint  luminous  tip,  then  insert  the  burner  at  the  proper  height  in  the  calori- 
meter and  observe  again  the  condition  of  the  flame  to  see  that  it  is  all  right, 
using  a  mirror. 

10.  The  excess  of  air  passing  through  the  calorimeter  is  controlled  some- 
what by  the  position  of  the  damper  in  the  exhaust  port,  and  the  best  results 

'are  obtained  by  having  the  excess  air  as  low  as  possible  and  still  maintaining 
complete  combustion  of  the  gas.  Such  position  has  heretofore  been  found  to 
be  about  bnfe-fourth  open  with  those  calorimeters  already  investigated;  care 
must  be  exercised  to  determine  this  for  each  calorimeter. 

11.  Water  should  be  regulated  so  that  there  is  a  difference. between  the 
inlet  and  outlet  temperatures  of  about  15  degrees  Fahrenheit.  The  temperature 
of  the  inlet  water  should  vary  but  little  when  an  overhead  tank  is  used  and 
the  water  maintained  at  room  temperature.    Be  sure  that  both  overflows  are 
running. 

12.  Before  making  the  test  the  barometer,  temperature  of  the  gas  at  the 
meter,  temperature  of  room  and  temperature  of  exhaust  products  should  be 
recorded.     It  is  desirable  to  have  the  temperature   of  the  inlet  water  and 
temperature  of  exhaust  products  as  nearly  as  possible  at  room  temperature, 
in  order  to  establish  more  nearly  a  thermal  balance;  the  difference  in  these 
temperatures  should  never  exceed  five  degrees. 

13.  Next  allow  the  gas  to  burn  in  the  calorimeter  until  ,a  thermal  balance 
is  established,  or  until  there  is  the  least  change  in  the  inlet  and  outlet  waters. 

14.  The  test  may  now  'be  started  by  shifting  the  outlet  water  from  the 
funnel  to  the  container  just  as  the  large  hand  on  the  meter  passes  the  zero 
point.     Readings  are  then  made  of  inlet  and  outlet  thermometers,  making  the 
readings  as  rapidly  as  the  observer  is  able  to  record  them  during  the  consump- 
tion, preferably  of  2/10  of  a  cubic  foot  of  gas.  At  least  ten  readings  should  be 
made  of  both  inlet  and  outlet  water  temperatures.     Water  is  again  shifted 
from  the  container  to  the  waste  funnel  as  the  hand  passes  the  zero  point  the 
second  time.    Water  is  then  weighed,  or  measured.     The  uncorrected  heating 
value  per  cubic  foot  is  obtained  by  multiplying  the  difference  of  the  averages 
of  inlet  and  outlet  temperatures,  by  the  number  of  pounds  of  water   and 
dividing  by  two-tenths.     This  quantity  is  divided  by  the  correction  factor  for 
barometer  and  temperature,  obtainable  from  tables,  to  give  the  heating  value 
at  30  inches  pressure  and  60  degrees  Fahrenheit.     The  weight  or  contents  of 
container  should  be  obtained  while  the  inside  is  wet.     This  may  be  done  by 
filling  it  with  water,  emptying  and  shaking  for  about  five  seconds  in  an  inverted 

.  position.  This  will  do  away  with  any  correction  where  several  consecutive 
tests  are  required  with  same  container. 

15.  A  second,  and  perhaps  a  third  test  is  advisable,  and  these  should 
be  made  without  disturbing  the  existing  conditions,  provided  all  readings  are 
within  the  above  prescribed  limits.    In  practice  the  operator  should  get  con- 
secutive results  on  the  same  holder  of  gas  within  ten  (10)  B.  t.  u's.     Under 
such  conditions  an  average  of  the  results  may  safely  be  taken, 

79 


Results  as  Obtained  by  Calculation. 

16.  The  method  of  calculating  the  calorific  value  of  the  gas  from  the 
observations  indicated  is  very  simple  when  all  readings  are  made  in  English 
units,  as  recommended,  and  entered  in  some  form  conveniently  arranged.     A 
simple  record  sheet  is  illustrated  in  the  American  Gas  Institute  Proceedings, 
Vol.  III.,  1908,  page  320. 

17.  The  averages  of  the  inlet  and  outlet  water  temperatures  are  made 
and  any  correction  for  thermometer   error   allowed  for.     The   difference   in 
these  averages  should  give  the  rise  in  temperature  of  the  water.     This  rise  in 
temperature  of  the  water  is  then  multiplied  by  the  number  of  pounds  of  water 
passed  through  the  calorimeter  during  the  test.     The  product  of  these  two  is 
then  divided  by  the  quantity  of  gas  burned,  either  0.1  or  0.2  of  a  cubic  foot 
as  may  be.    This  quotient  will  give  the  heating  value  of  one  cubic  foot  of  gas 
in  B.  t.  u's.  at  the  indicated  temperature  and  barometric  pressure.    To  correct 
this  to  60°  F.  and  30"  pressure,  divide  by  the  "Correction  Factor"  for  the 
indicated  temperature  and  pressure  as  obtained  from  some  standard  table,  a 
copy  of  which  may  be  found  opposite  page  373  of  the  Proceedings  of  the 
American  Gas  Institute,  Vol.  III.,  1908.     The  final  result  will  be  corrected 
heating  value  of  the  gas  tested,  in  B.  t.  u's. 

18.  Expressing  the  above  in  a  formula  we  have : 

G 

B.  t.  u's.  per  cubic  foot  = 

WxT 

W  =  Weight,  in  pounds,  of  water  passed. 
T  —  the  average   difference  in  temperature,   in   degrees  Fahrenheit, 

between  inlet  and  outlet  water. 
G  =  corrected  volume  of  gas  burned,  in  cubic  feet. 

Use  of  Computer. 

19.  The  labor  of  making  the  calculations  for  determining  the  heating 
value  from  observations  of  a  calorimeter  may  be  lessened  by  the  use  of  a 
heating  value  computer.     The  computer  consists  of  a  circular  slide  rule,  with 
divisions  corresponding  to  the  readings  made  on  the  calorimeter.     This  com- 
puter gives  the  corrected  heating  value  of  a  cubic  foot  of  gas  in  B.  t.  u's, 
having  the  barometer  and  temperature  of  the  metered  gas,  and  the  difference 
in  temperature  between  the  inlet  and  outlet  water  and  the  pounds  of  water 
passed.     This  computer  is  designed  to  operate  within  the  limits  of  from  300 
to  800  B.  t.  u's.    Should  a  gas  of  a  lower  or  higher  heating  value  be  measured, 
the  computer  can  still  be  used  by  dividing  or  multiplying  one  or  the  other 
of  the  factors  in  its  computation.     A  cut  of  this  computer  may  be  found  on 
page  373,  Vol.  III.,  Proceedings  of  the  American  Gas  Institute. 

Care   of   Instruments . 

20.  The  calorimeter,  being  a  delicate  and  sensitive  instrument,  should 
be  very  carefully  cared  for  when  not  in  use.     If  the  instrument  is  set  up 
permanently,  provision  should  be  made  that  it  be  not  disturbed  by  anybody 
except  the   operator.     If  the  instrument  is  not  erected   permanently,   when 
dismantled  it  should  be  carefully  cleaned  inside  and  out  and  the  thermometers 
removed  and  carefully  packed  in  cotton. 

21.  It  seems  hardly  necessary  that  instruction  should  be  given  for  the 
care  of  such  an  instrument,  but  certain  precautions  should  be  noted. 

80 


Precautions — ' '  Don  'ts  " . 

22.  Don't  place  lighted  burner  in  calorimeter  when  water  is  not  running 
through  the  calorimeter. 

Don't  shut  off  water  while  gas  is  burning,  but  if  water  is  accidentally 
shut  off,  then  shut  off  the  gas  quickly,  to  avoid  breaking  thermometers. 

Don't  move  suddenly  near  instrument  during  test.  Slight  drafts  thus 
caused  will  vary  outlet  readings  and  vitiate  test. 

Don't  fail  to  check  daily  the  water  level  in  the  gas  meter. 

Don't  forget  to  test  meter  and  all  connections  daily  for  leakages. 

Don't  erect  the  calorimeter  too  close  to  any  heating  or  lighting  appliances, 
where  radiant  heat  might  affect  the  readings. 

Don't  make  the  test  with  the  inlet  water  temperature  over  5  degrees  above 
or  below  the  temperature  of  the  room. 

Don't  fail  to  fill  the  overhead  tank  with  water  when  through  testing  so 
that  it  will  be  ready  for  the  next  test. 

Note: 

23.  That  an  error  of  1/10°  F.  in  water  temperature  means  an  error  of 
about  four  B.  t.  u's.  in  the  gas. 

That  an  error  of  1/100  of  a  pound  of  water  when  burning  .2  of  a  cubic 
foot  of  gas  in  the  test  means  an  error  of  about  .9  B.  t.  u's.  in  the  gas. 

That  an  error  of  one  degree  in  the  temperature  of  the  gas  means  an  error 
of  about  1.8  B.  t.  u's. 

That  an  error  of  1/10  of  an  inch  in  Barometer  reading  means  an  error 
of  about  2  B.  t.  u's. 

That  when  metering  the  gas,  each  additional  inch  of  water  pressure  to 
which  the  gas  is  subjected  means  an  error  of  about  1.5  B.  t.  u's. 

VI. 

SUGGESTION    OF    SEVERAL    TYPES   OF    CALORIMETERS    SUITABLE 

TO  USE  WHEN  CHECKED  BY  THE  PRIMARY 

STANDARD  ADOPTED. 

The  Committee  believes  that  any  calorimeter  of  the  water  heater  type, 
when  fitted  with  the  accessories  as  provided  in  the  recommendations  of  the 
Committee,  that,  when  new,  will  test  with  the  Primary  Standard  within  two 
per  cent,  would  be  suitable  for  commercial  use  by  any  company. 

From  the  information  available,  the  Junkers,  the  Improved  Sargent,  or 
American  Meter  Company  calorimeters  are  types  of  instruments  which  seem 
to  be  available  for  immediate  use  by  the  Companies,  but  they  must  in  each 
case  be  equipped  with  the  accessories  as  provided  in  the  recommendations  of 
the  Committee.  Any  instrument  of  the  above  mentioned  types  must  pass  the 
prescribed  test  against  the  Primary  Standard. 

We  believe  that  all  makers  of  instruments  of  the  water  heater  type 
prescribed  should  be  encouraged  to  place  their  instruments  in  use. 

Dr.  Arthur  H.  Elliott,  Ph.  D.,  of  New  York,  and  J.  B.  Klumpp,  M.  B.,  of 
Philadelphia,  met  with  the  Committee;  they  entered  into  its  discussions,  aided 
in  the  determinations  and  join  in  the  conclusions  of  the  Committee. 

W.   R.   ADDICKS,   Chairman, 
JAMES  C.  DELONG, 
CHAS.  H.  STONE. 
February  25,  1910. 

81 


APPENDIX  G. 

REPRINT  OF  PLAN  OF  CALORIMETRIC  INVESTIGATION  AND 
EXPLANATION  OF  TEST  AND  REPORT  FORMS. 

Tentatively  adopted  January  26,  1912,  by  the  Joint  Committee  on  Calori- 
metry,  representing  the  Public  Service  Commission  and  Gas  Corporations  in 
the  Second  Public  Service  District,  New  York  State. 


INTRODUCTORY. 

On  May  6,  1910,  this  Committee  adopted  certain  Calorimetric  Rules, 
Regulations  and  Specifications  which  were  printed  and  a  copy  sent  to  each 
gas  company  operating  in  the  second  public  service  district  in  New  York  State. 
References  made  hereafter  to  "Calorimetric  Rules,  Regulations  and  Specifica- 
tions" refer  to  this  pamphlet.  (See  Appendix  F,  page  69.) 

A  number  of  companies  at  once  purchased  and  installed  instruments  in 
accordance  with  these  specifications  and  started  daily  tests  to  determine  the 
calorific  value  of  their  gas  for  the  assistance  of  the  Committee  in  its 
investigation. 

As  other  companies  are  becoming  interested  in  the  investigation  and  are 
deciding  to  participate,  it  has  become  necessary  to  devise  a  definite  plan  for 
the  investigation  in  order  that  the  results  obtained  in  different  localities  and 
under  different  conditions  may  be  analyzed  intelligently,  and  correct  con- 
clusions drawn  therefrom. 

The  Committee  is  making  a  very  comprehensive  study  of  this  entire 
subject  and  the  plan  formulated  is  therefore  more  elaborate  than  would  be 
the  case  if  merely  the  calorific  values,  without  reference  to  operating  condi- 
tions, were  desired. 


PLAN  OF  INVESTIGATION. 

The  plan  formulated  comprises: 

1.  The  making  of  daily  calorimetric  tests  and  the  recording  daily  of 
certain  works  data.    Form  A  is  to  be  used  for  this  purpose.    (See  page  93.) 

2.  The  submitting  to  the  Committee  monthly  of  the  results  of  the  daily 
tests  and  of  monthly  averages  and  totals  of  works  data.    Form  B  is  to  be  used 
for  this  purpose.    (See  page  94.) 

3.  The  furnishing  to  the  Committee  of  information  regarding  operating 
conditions,  and  apparatus  and  methods  in  use.     A  map  or  sketch  with  an 
accompanying  letter  of  explanation  and  description  is  to  be  used  for  this 
purpose.    (See  page  88.) 

82 


EXPLANATION  OF  TEST  AND  REPORT  FORMS. 
FORM  A. 

Apparatus  in  Use — 

1.  Each  piece  of  apparatus  will  be  given  a  designating  letter  or  number 
(see  page  89,  paragraph  6f),  and  this  letter  or  number  may  be  used  in  noting 
the  apparatus  in  use  each  day. 

Send  Out — 

2.  The  maximum,  minimum  and  average  daily  send  out  will  be  reported 
monthly  and  the  figures  will  be  obtained  from  these  daily  entries. 

Works  Started  (First  Blast  On)  at — 
Works  Shut  Down  (Last  Run  Off)  ak— 
Duration  Intermediate  Shut  Down — 
Total  Works  Operation — 

3.  The  maximum,  minimum  and  average  hours  per  day  of  works  opera- 
tion will  be  reported  monthly  and  the  figures  will  be  obtained  from  these  daily 
entries. 

Yield  Per  Lb.  Coal- 
Oil  Per  M.— 
Generator  Fuel  Per  M. — 

4.  In  many  instances  it  would  be  extremely  difficult  to  determine  these 
figures  with  any  degree  of  accuracy  on  a  daily  run  and  in  such  cases  it  need 
not  be  attempted.     On  the  other  hand,  if  it  is  the  practice  to  make  these 
calculations,  the  figures  should  be  entered  for  comparison  with  the  monthly 
measurements.    (See  page  87,  paragraph  5.) 

Enricher  Per  100  Lbs.  Coal  Carbonized — 

5.  The  unit  of  "100  Ibs.  coal  carbonized"  has  been  adopted  as  a  fair 
basis  for  comparison. 

The  calculation  should  be  made  and  the  figures  entered  daily. 

Kind  of  Enricher — 

6.  If  cannel  coal  is  used,  the  grade  of  this  coal  should  be  given,  OT  if 
oil,  the  kind  of  oil.    The  practice  in  regard  to  this  subject  should  be  explained 
in  considerable  detail  in  the  letter.     (See  page  89,  paragraph  61.) 

Duration  of  Charge — 

7.  The  duration  of  charge  each  day  should  be  noted*  so  that  the  average 
daily  duration  of  charge  for  the  month  can  be  obtained. 


NOTE — The  term  "Corrected  Gas"  means  that  the  quantity  of  gas,  as  measured  by  a 
meter,  has  been  corrected  to  a  standard  of  volume  as  represented  when  measured  at  a 
temperature  of  60°  Fahrenheit  and  a  barometric  pressure  of  30  inches.  The  figure  for 
corrected  gas  is  obtained  by  multiplying  the  volume  of  uncorrected  gas  by  a  factor 
corresponding  to  the  temperature  and  pressure  at  which  the  gas  has  been  measured.  A 
table  of  "Correction  Factors"  is  given  in  Appendix  A.  This  is  copied  with  the  permission 
of  the  author,  from  the  table  given  in  "Practical  Testing  of  Gas  and  Gas  Meters,"  by 
C.  H.  Stone. 

83 


Mixed  Gas 
Coal  Gas  — %,  Water  Gas  — % 

8.  This  is  self-explanatory. 

Time  of  Test — 

9.  A  calorimetric  test  consists  of  one  or  more  sets  of  readings  taken 
continuously.     On  the  form,  three  columns  are  provided  for  three  sets  of 
readings.    For  convenience  they  are  headed  Test  1,  Test  2,  Test  3.    It  should 
be  understood  that  the  three  sets  of  readings  or  "tests"  taken  together  and 
the  results  checked  or  averaged,  constitute  one  test.     The  time  of  starting 
this  test  should  be  given.     (See  Calorimetric  Rules,  Regulations  and  Specifica- 
tions, page  74,  paragraph  15.)    Should  two  or  more  tests  be  made  at  different 
hours  of  the  same  day,  a  separate  sheet  should  be  used  for  each  test. 

Barometer — 

10.  Refer  to  Calorimetric  Rules,  Regulations  and  Specifications,  page  76, 
paragraph  29. 

The  mercury  column  barometer  specified  in  the  reference  should  have 
an  adjustable  zero  and  a  vernier  for  reading.  If  the  participating  company 
is  relying  on  barometric  readings  taken  by  the  local  weather  bureau,  the 
reading  taken  at  a  time  nearest  to  the  time  of  test  should  be  used.  Otherwise 
a  reading  should  be  taken  as  a  part  of  the  test. 

Room  Temperature — 

11.  The  temperature  of  the  room  at  the  time  of  the  test  should  be  stated 
in  degrees  Fahrenheit. 

Candle  Power — 

12.  Two  spaces  are  provided  for  candle  power  so  that  in  case  two  types 
of  burners  are  used  the  results  obtained  with  each  can  be  entered  separately. 
Spaces  are  also  provided  in  which  the  type  of  burner  should  be  noted  directly 
above  the  candle  power  obtained  with  it.    The  result  of  this  one  photometric 
test  only  is  to  be  noted  on  this  form.     The  results  of  other  photometric  tests 
made   during  the   day  will  be   disregarded  so   far   as   this   investigation   is 
concerned.     (See  page  88,  paragraph  14.) 

Pressure 
Meter  Inlet —  Burner  Inlet — 

13.  These  readings  should  be  taken  at  the  time  of  starting  the  test.     (See 
Calorimetric  Rules,  Regulations  and  Specifications,  page  78,  paragraph  5.) 

Minimum  Temperature  to  Which  Gas  Has 
Been  Subjected  Before  Test — 

14.  This  temperature  may  be  obtained  by  the  use  of  an  hygrometer. 
(See  Proceedings  American  Gas  Institute,  Vol  I.,  1906,  pages  601  and  602.) 

Rate  of  Combustion  Per  Hour — 

15.  See   Calorimetric   Rules,   Regulations   and   Specifications,   page    78, 
paragraph  9, 

84 


Exhaust  Temperature — 
Gas  Temperature — 

16.  See    Calorimetric    Rules,    Regulations    and    Specifications,    page    79, 
paragraph  12. 

Total  Pressure  Correction — 

17.  This  means  that  the  water  pressure,  at  meter  outlet,  in  inches,  is 
calculated  to  inches  of  mercury  and  added  to  the  barometric  reading.     It  is 
desired  to  correct  the  pressure  of  the  gas  to  30  inches  of  mercury,  from  the 
combination  of  the  barometric  pressure  and  the  inches  of  mercury  calculated 
from  the  water  pressure  at  which  the  gas  is  burned. 

Correction  Factor — 

18.  See  Table,  pages  90  and  91. 

Uncorrected  Gas  Used  in  Test — 
Corrected  Gas  Used  in  Test — 

19.  (See  footnote,  page  83.) 

Weight,  Water  and  Pail — 
Weight,  Pail  Empty — 
Weight,  Water— 

20.  See    Calorimetric    Rules,    Regulations    and    Specifications,    page    76, 
paragraph  32 ;  also  page  79,  paragraph  14. 

Temperature  of  Water — 

21.  Readings  1-20.     See  Calorimetric  Rules,  Regulations  and  Specifica- 
tions, page  79,  paragraph  14. 

Average  Temperature — 

22.  The  average  temperatures  will,  of  course,  be  obtained  by  adding  all 
the  temperatures  taken  and  dividing  by  the  number  of  readings.     Space  is 
provided  for  this  calculation. 

Thermometer  Correction — 

23.  This  figure  will  be  obtained  from  the  calibration  curve.     See  Calori- 
metric Rules,   Regulations   and   Specifications,   page   75,  paragraph   24;   also 
paragraphs  22,  23,  24  and  26. 

Stem  Correction — 

24.  See  page  92. 

Corrected  Average  Temperature — 

25.  This  means  the  average  temperature  after  the  two  corrections,  ther- 
mometer and  stem,  have  been  applied. 

Rise  in  Temperature — 

26.  The  rise  in  temperature  equals  the  corrected  average  outlet  tempera- 
ture minus  the  corrected  average  inlet  temperature. 

85 


Calculation — 

27.  The  general  formula  is: 

WxT 

B.  t.  u.  per  cu.  ft.  =  

Gxe 

"W"  —  Weight  of  water. 
T  —  Rise  in  temperature  of  water. 
G  —  Corrected  gas  used  in  test. 

e  =  Efficiency  of  instruments  in  tenths  of  1%.  This  figure  is  ob- 
tained from  the  most  recent  comparison  of  the  instrument 
with  the  State  standard. 

In  the  blank  formula  as  stated  on  the  form,  the  numerator  contains  the 
figure  1,000,  so  that  the  efficiency  can  be  stated  in  whole  numbers  and  decimals 
thus  avoided. 

A  computer  may  be  used  in  making  the  calculation  after  the  blank 
formula  has  been  filled  out,  but  if  this  is  done  the  correction  for  efficiency  will 
have  to  be  made  separately.  (See  Calorimetric  Rules,  Regulations  and  Specifi- 
cations, page  80,  paragraph  19.) 

Average  = B.  t.  u. 

28.  The  results  obtained  with  the  different  sets  of  readings  should  check 
within  10  B.  t.  u's.    Under  such  conditions  the  average  of  these  results  should 
be   obtained   and  this   figure   will  be   the   one   transferred   to   the   Monthly 
Summary,  Form  B.     (See  Calorimetric  Rules,  Regulations  and  Specifications, 
page  79,  paragraph  15.) 


FORM  B 

Coal  Gas  Made — 

Carburetted  Water  Gas  Made — 

Mixed  Gas  Made — 

1.  This  refers  to  the  gas  made  during  the  calendar  month.     Whether 
the  figures  are  for  uncorrected  or  corrected  gas  should  always  be  indicated. 

Daily  Send  Out,  Maximum — 
Daily  Send  Out,  Minimum — 
Daily  Send  Out,  Average — 

2.  These  figures  will  be  obtained  from  the  entries  for  "Send  Out"  on 
Form  A. 

Gas  Enriched  (Yes  or  No) — 
Gas  Enriched  (How) — 

3.  This  subject  will  be  reported  on  fully  in  the  letter.     (See  page  89, 
paragraph  61)  but  should  also  be  reported  on  briefly  opposite  these  headings. 
(See  also  "Average  Enricher"  and  "Kind  of  Enricher,"  page  87,  paragraphs 
7  and  8.) 

86 


Hours  Per  Day  Works  Operation,  Maximum — 
Hours  Per  Day  Works  Operation,  Minimum — 
Hours  Per  Day  Works  Operation,  Average — 

4.  These  figures  will  be  obtained  from  the  entries  on  Form  A  for  "Total 
Works  Operation." 

Average  Yield  Per  Lb.  Coal — 

Average  Oil  Per  M. — 

Average  Generator  Fuel  Per  M. — 

5.  These  figures  should  be  based  on  measurements  of  the  coal,  oil  or 
fuel  on  hand  at  the  beginning  and  end  of  the  month  and  not  on  the  averages 
of  the  entries  on  Form  A.     (See  page  83,  paragraph  4.) 

Kind  of  Coal— 

6.  The  information  desired  is  the  commercial  name  of  the  coal  used  and 
the  mine  from  which  it  comes,  if  this  is  known. 

Average  Enricher  Per  100  Lbs.  Coal  Carbonized — 

7.  This  figure  will  be  the  average  of  the  daily  entries  on  Form  A. 

Kind  of  Enricher — 

8.  (See  page  83,  paragraph  6.) 

Average  Duration  of  Charge — 

9.  This  figure  will  be  the  average  of  the  daily  entries  on  Form  A. 

Kind  of  OH- 
IO.    This  entry  should  give  the  "kind  of  oil,"  the  district  where  the 
oil   is   produced,   if   definitely   known,   and   the   specific    gravity   in    degrees 
Beaume,  if  this  figure  is  available.    If  the  companies  have  any  distillation  test 
figures,  they  should  be  given. 

Kind  of  Fuel— 

11.  This  entry  should  state  whether  coal  or  coke  is  used,  and  if  the 
latter,  whether  retort  or  oven. 

Mixed  Gas. 
Coal  Gas — %,  Water  Gas — %. 

12.  These  figures  will  be  the  average  of  the  corresponding  entries  on 
Form  A. 

Calorific  Values — 

13.  As  explained,  page  84,  paragraph  9,  a  test  consists  of  one,  two  or 
three  sets  of  readings.    This  form  provides  space  for  only  one  test  per  day  at 
works  and  one  at  office,  or  some  other  location.    If  more  tests  are  made,  addi- 
tional sheets  should  be  used. 

The  figure  to  be  entered  will  be  taken  from  Form  A,  "Average  B.  t.  u.," 
but  the  nearest  whole  number  should  be  given  and  decimals  eliminated. 

87 


Candle  Power — 

14.  The  candle  power  figures  to  be  entered  here  should  be  taken  from 
Form  A,  "Candle  Power."    The  entry  should  not  represent  the  average  of  all 
photometric  tests  made  during  the  day,  but  should  be  the  candle  power  at 
the  time  the  calorimetric  test  is  made.     The  candle  power  should  be  stated 
with  only  one  decimal. 

Minimum  Temperature  Gas — 

15.  As  explained  in  the  note  on  the  form,  this  refers  to  the  minimum 
temperature  to  which  the  gas  has  been  subjected  before  test.     The  figures 
should  be  taken  from  the  corresponding  entries  on  Form  A. 

Temperature  of  Atmosphere — 

16.  The  maximum  and  minimum  temperature  of  atmosphere  should  be 
stated  in  degrees  Fahrenheit.    As  no  space  is  left  for  them  on  Form  A  they 
may  be  entered  daily  on  Form  B. 

Maximum — 
Minimum — 

17.  Refers  to  figures  in  columns  above. 

Note— 

18.  When  calorimetric  or  photometric  tests  are  made  at  both  works  and 
office  or  some  other  location,  the  tests  at  the  two  places  should  be  made 
simultaneously. 


MAP  AND  LETTER 


1.  A  detailed  map,  or  if  this  is  not  possible,  a  sketch,  on  paper  8^/2"  x  14" 
should  be  submitted. 

2.  This  map  or  sketch  should  show  the  relative  location  of  the  works 
and  holders  and  should  indicate  the  points  at  which  the  tests  are  made. 

3.  If  these  tests  are  made  at  a  distance  from  the  works,  this  distance 
following  the  course  taken  by  the  gas  should  be  accurately  shown.     Also  if 
any  exposed  bridges  have  been  crossed,  or  if  the  line  runs  under  water,  these 
points  should  be  made  clear. 

4.  Such  map  or  sketch  will  be  asked  for  but  once  unless  changes  are 
made,  and  it  should  therefore  contain  information  regarding  all  matters  which 
are  liable  to  affect  the  results  obtained  in  the  tests. 

5.  The  map  or  sketch  should  be  accompanied  by  a  letter,  also  on  paper 
'  x  14",  containing  a  general  description  of  the  apparatus  and  methods 

employed. 

6.  Such  letter  should  state : 

(a)  Kind  of  gas  made. 

(b)  Manufacturing  capacity  of  plant,  giving  figures  for  coal  gas  and 
water  gas  separately. 

(c)  Gas  holder  capacity  at  plant. 


(d)  Gas  holder  capacity  outlying. 

(e)  Holders  housed  or  exposed. 

(f )  List  of  generator  apparatus  with  type  and  capacity  of  each  piece 
of  apparatus.     The  different  pieces  of  apparatus  may  be  desig- 
nated by  a  letter  or  number  for  future  reference. 

(g)  Type  and  make  of  calorimeter, 
(h)     Type  and  make  of  photometer. 

(i)     Type  of  standard  and  burner  used  in  photometer  test. 

(j)  General  description  of  the  methods  used  and  conditions  under 
which  the  tests  are  made.  For  example,  such  a  description 
might  be  that  the  calorific  and  candle  power  values  are  taken 
at  office  located  at  works,  that  the  gas  is  taken  from  inlet  of 
the  street  governor  and  has  been  in  the  storage  holder,  and  that, 
as  this  holder  is  exposed,  the  probabilities  are  that  the  gas  has 
been  subjected  to  the  extreme  temperatures  of  the  atmosphere. 
Or,  for  another  example,  that  the  tests  are  made  at  the  com- 
pany's office,  located  a  mile  from  the  works,  that  the  gas  is 
taken  from  the  house  piping  or  that  it  is  taken  from  an  indi- 
vidual service;  if  this  service  is  any  way  exposed  to  the  tem- 
perature of  the  atmosphere,  it  should  be  mentioned;  that  the 
gas  has  passed  over  an  exposed  bridge  as  shown  on- the  map,  etc. 

(k)  Concise  statement  of  how  the  gas  is  stored  and  exposed  before 
it  is  delivered  to  the  street  mains. 

(1)     Concise  statement  of  methods  employed  in  enriching. 

WM.  McCLELLAN,  Chairman. 
A.  H.  ELLIOTT, 
J.  B.  KLUMPP, 
C.  F.  LEONARD, 
C.  H.  STONE. 
January  26,  1912. 


89 


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91 


STEM    CORRECTION 


In  general,  all  corrections  are  determined  for  total  immersion,  i.  e.,  for 
the  condition  where  both  bulb  and  stem  of  the  thermometer  are  at  the  same 
temperature.  If,  however,  the  stem  is  emergent  into  space,  either  hotter  or 
colder  than  the  temperature  of  the  bulb,  a  stem  correction  must  be  applied 
to  the  observed  reading. 

This  so-called  stem  correction  may  be  considerable  if  the  number  of 
degrees  emergent  and  the  difference  of  temperature  between  the  bath  and 
the  space  above  it  are  large.  It  may  amount  to  more  than  68°  F.  for  measure- 
ments made  with  a  mercury  thermometer  at  752°  F. 

For  the  glass  of  which  this  thermometer  is  made  the  stem  correction  may 
be  computed  from  the  following  formula : 

Stem  correction=0.000088  x  n  (T°— 1°). 
n=number  of  degrees  emergent  from  the  bath. 
T=temperature  of  bath, 
t— mean  temperature  of  the  emergent  stem. 

The  mean  temperature,  t°,  may  be  approximately  measured  by  means  of  a 
small  auxiliary  thermometer  suspended  near  the  emergent  stem,  or  by  sur- 
rounding the  latter  with  a  small  water  jacket  and  taking  the  temperature  of 
the  water  with  the  auxiliary  thermometer,  or,  more  accurately,  in  the  way 
suggested  by  Guillaume,  by  exposing  an  exactly  similar  stem  and  capillary 
mercury  thread  beside  the  emergent  stem,  and  thus  measuring  its  mean 
temperature. 

This  is  also  conveniently  carried  out  with  the  "thread  Thermometer" 
(Fadenthermometer)  of  Mahlke,  in  which  the  expansion  of  the  mercury  in  the 
capillary  tube  (bulb)  is  measured  on  a  still  finer  capillary  stem. 

Example — 

Suppose  that  the  observed  temperature  was  85°  and  the  thermometer  was 
immersed  to  the  32°  mark  on  the  scale,  so  that  53°  of  the  mercury  column 
projected  out  into  the  air,  and  the  mean  temperature  of  the  emergent  column 
was  found  to  be  70°  F.,  then — 

Stem  correction^  .000088  x  53  (85—70). 

=r0.07° 

As  the  stem  was  at  a  lower  temperature  than  the  bulb,  the  thermometer 
read  too  low,  so  that  this  correction  must  be  added  to  the  observed 
reading  to  find  the  reading  corresponding  to  total  immersion,  i.  e., 
85.00°  +  0.07°  =  85.07°  F. 

This  correction  must  be  considered  in  addition  to  any  correction  shown 
by  the  certificate  accompanying  the  thermometer. 

For  further  information  in  regard  to  this  subject  see  "The  Correction  for 
Emergent  Stem  of  the  Mercurial  Thermometer,"  published  by  the  U.  S.  Bureau 
of  Standards  as  Reprint  No.  170. 

92 


RE  JOINT  COMMITTEE  ON  CALORIMETRY— 2ND  P.  S.  C.  DIST.  N.  Y. 


(N«KI  or  COMPANY) 


GAS  MAKING  RECORDS 


Apparatus  in  use.. 
Send  oul  


.  cu.  h.  uncorrected 
..  M  "  .    corrected 


Work,  itarted  (Irt  Wart  on)  at ; *•  m~ 

p.m. 

Worb  ihul  down  (la*  run  of)  at ••  m' 

p.  m. 

Duration  intermediate  shutdowns. .'..'..... hri. 

Total  worb  operation :..;.......... hn. 


COAL  GAS 

Yeild  per  Ib.  coal  uncorrected  gas T cu.  ft.  Enricher  per  100  Ibi.  coal  carbonized., 

corrected    "  "  Kind  of  eoncner 

Duration  of  charge - 

WATER  CAS 
',, 

Oil  per  M  uncorrected  gas gal.  Generator  fuel  per  M  uncorrected  gai.. 

"     corrected  gas "  corrected  gai 


MIXED  GAS 


CALORIMETER  TESTS 


TIME  OF  TEST 

BAROMETER        ROOM  TEMP. 

TEMPERATURE  OF  WATER 

'    I'm 

in 

1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
10 
II 
12 
13 
14 
15 
16 

TEST  1 

TEST  2 

TEST  3 

CANDLE  POWER                               PRESSURE 

Inlet  Water 

Outlet  Water 

Inlet  Water 

Outlet  Water 

Inlet  Water 

Outlet  Watet 

Meter  Inlet             Burner  Inlet 

C.  P. 

C.  P.                                   in.                                    in. 

Minimum  Temperature  to  which  CM  hat  been  lubiected  before  Te* 

TEST  1 

TEST  2 

TEST  J    ' 

Exhaust  temperatu 
Gas 
Total  piessuse  corr 
Correction  factor... 

cu  h 

cu.  ft. 

cu   ft 

.       -- 

0 

° 

0 

0 

clion 

in 

in 

in 

Corrected     (G) 

cu.  It, 

cu.  ft. 

cu.  h, 

Weigh!  water  and 
"      pail  empty 

Ibs. 

Ibs. 

..Ibs. 

(W) 

.. 

.. 

.. 

TEST  1 

x..lOOO=  B.  t.u. 

17 
18 
19 

20 

TEST  3     

x  ...1000=  B.  l.u. 

.-.  AVERAGE  =  .-..B.  t.u. 

.    Average 
NOTE.     For  explanation  of  use  of  this  fotm.see  j 
"Plan     of     Calorimetric    Investigation       Thermom 
and  Explanation  of    Test    and  Report  j    - 
Forms,"  Joint    Committee    on   Calori-  ij 
rnetry.  Jan.  26.  1912.                               !l  o,,,,,^ 

i    Rise  in  le 

average  tempera 
mperarure  (T).. 

Sip*!.. 


..Approved.. 


The  actual  size  of  this  Form  is  Bl/2"  x  11" 

93 


RE  JOINT  COMMITTEE  ON  CALORIMETRY— 2ND  P.  S.  C.  DIST.  N.  Y. 


SUMMARY  MONTH  OF 


GAS  MAKING  RECORDS 


Coal  Gas  Made  

'  ,    t  Uncorrected 
CU.  ILJ  Corrected 

Daily  Send  Out,  Maximum  .. 

,   I  Uncorrected 
••••<="•   n  j  Corrected 

Carburetted  Water  Gas  Made  

,       (  Uncorrected 
(Corrected 

Minimum  .  . 

..       I  Uncorrected 

Mixed  Gas  Made  

..       (  Unconected 
(Corrected 

4     Average  

.,       !  Uncorrected 
(Corrected 

Gas  enriched  (yes  or  no)  

Hours  per  day  works  operation,  maximum  

hours 

'•"        "        (how)  

.-  , 

'" 

" 

ii       ..        ,,.'       .; 

average  , 

. 

Ave.  yield  per  Ib.  coal  uncorrecteJ  gas. 

corrected  gas 

Kind  of  coal.... 


COAL  GAS 

cu.  ft.          Ave.  enricher  per  100  Ibs.  coal  cardonized Ibs.... gals. 

Kind  of  enricher.... 


Ave.  duration  of  charge 


Ave.  oil  per  M  uncorrected  gas. 
corrected  gas... 
Kind  of  oil 


WATER  GAS 
..gals.          Ave.  generator  fuel  per  M  uncorrected  gas. 

..    "  corrected  gas 

Kind  of  fuel   ... 


RESULTS    OF   TESTS 

DAY 

AT    WORKS 

AT 

TEMP.  OF  ATMOSPHERE 

Mm.  Tit"  Q»* 

B.    T.    „.  * 

Readings 

C  .P. 

ludhifs 

M,.    T....  G..' 

B.   T.   u. 

.,-lnp 

C.  P. 

I,.**. 

Mu.MUM 

M««. 

1    • 

r        2  

3  :' 



'"  4  

* 

a  

""* 

a  

'  

'"'  

7"  

"'.'.IZ 

—  £  



'"  ':  a 

.pro  



" 

"""'12  

V- 

- 

13  

•"" 

14  

"""'16  

c  

.      ie  

'~""a 

"  17  
18  

::::::: 

.3  



"  2O  



-;* 

21  

"""7" 

"  22  

•* 

*  23  

*"..««^^ 

24  

"""'26  

"""26  



27  

28  

as  

30  





•  -" 

'.  31  

"WSSSST 

Avtrate 

•HZ" 

(MOTE:— For  eiplanmion  of  UK  of  thi.  form  Ke  "Plan  ol  Calorimetric  Invertigatioi.  and  Explanation  ol  Tert  and  Report  Form.,"  Joint  Committee  on  Calorimetry.  Jan.  26.  1912 

Remarks....  • «"! 


Sgned.. •• ...Approved 

The  actual  size  of  this  Form  is  8 ft"  x  11" 


94 


ERRATA 

CONTENTS — "Classification  of  Companies  Making  Tests"  under  Appendix  A  is  given  in  Table  I 

not  Table  2 16 

Insert  "Introductory  Observations  Relation  to  the  Study  of  Appendix  B" 19 

PAGE  19 — paragraph  2,  second  sentence,  reading  "The  information  derived  by  the  test  *  '"  should 
read  "The  information  derived  from  the  test." 

PAGE  19 — paragraph  4,  reading  "It  should  be  noted  that  a  percentage  variation  from  a  standard  by, 
for  example,"  etc.  should  read  "It  should  be  noted  that  a  percentage  variation  from  a 
standard  of,  for  example,"  etc. 

PAGE  20 — paragraph  1,  reference  in  first  line  is  to  page  18. 

PAGE  21 — In  connection  with  table,  note  that  the  present  standard  for  mixed  coal  and  carburetted  water 
gas  is  18  candle  power  and  for  enriched  coal  gas  16  candle  power. 

PAGE  22— Diagram  showing  th  variations  in  heating  power,  symbol  at  left  of  centre  line  of  diagram 
should  be  "O"  instead  of/'fc". 

PACK  38 — In  diagram  "Variations  in  heating  power" — same  correction. 

PAGE  40 — paragraph  9,  second  sentence,  reading  "Possibly  if  all  the  tests  were  plotted  and  the  values 
weighed,"  etc.,  should  read,  "Possibly  if  all  the  tests  were  plotted  and  the  values  weighted." 

PAGE  49 — paragraph  44,  reading  "Plate  III  shows  how  the  main  is  exposed,"  should  read,  "Drawing 
on  page  51  shows  how  main  is  exposed,"  etc.  The  words  "(See  Page  51)"  at  the  end 
of  this  paragraph  should  be  omitted. 

PAGE  52 — The  page  opposite  Page  52  with  drawing  should  be  numbered  53. 

PAGE  56 — paragraph  69,  third  sentence  reading  "No  serious  losses  in  heating  value  were  found  to  take 
place  in  pressures  up  to  ten  inches  of  water"  should  read,  "No  serious  losses  in  heating 
value  were  found  to  take  place  with  pressures  up  to  ten  inches  of  water." 

PAGE  57 — paragraph  73,  the  symbol  for  carbon  monoxide  should  be  "CO"  not  "Co".  H2  should 
be  H2  and  CH4  should  be  CH4 

PAGE  58— paragraph  76,  last  line  of  page  reading  "as  a  means  of  accuracy  determining,"  etc., should 
read,  "as  a  means  of  accurately  determining." 

PAGE  59 — paragraph  81,  second  line,  the  comma  at  the  end  of  the  line  should  be  stricken  out  and  a 
comma  inserted  before  the  word  "at". 

PAGE  60 — paragraph  83,  first  sentence  reading  "It  will  be  observed  that  the  efficiency  of  the  mantle 
burner  was  equally  good  with  either  20  candle  power  carburetted  water  gas  or  with  14.38 
candle  power  in  enriched  coal  gas,"  should  read,  "It  will  be  observed  that  the  efficiency 
of  the  mantle  burner  was  equally  good  with  either  20  candle  power  carburetted  water  gas 
or  with  14.38  candle  power  unenriched  coal  gas." 

PAGE  61— The  standard  in  Dallas,  Texas,  is  633  at  32°  F,  not  650. 

The  standard  in  Milwaukee,  Wis.  is  600  gross  and  not  635  gross. 

PAGE  62 — paragraph  10,  last  line,  figure  "51.6"  should  be  "516." 

PAGE  63 — paragraph  2,  in  the  fourth  line  there  should  be  a  semi-colon  instead  of  a  comma  after  the 
word  "graduates"  and  in  the  last  line  there  should  be  a  comma  after  the  word  "excluded". 

PAGE  64 — paragraph  6,  the  first  line  after  the  table,  reading  "In  every  case  the  corrections  in  Table 
B,"  etc.,  should  read,  "In  every  case  the  corrections  in  part  b  of  the  table." 

PAGE  67 — paragraph  27,  the  word  "later"  should  be  inserted  after  the  words  "two  year,"  in  next  to 
the  last  line. 

PAGE  67 — Table — The  thre<e  tests  opposite  Company  No.  8  showing  accuracies  99. 4,  99.4,  99.4,  were 
made  September,  1912,  February,  1912  and  July,  1912,  respectively. 

PAGE  82 — references  to  Calorimetric  Rules,  Regulations  and  Specifications  througout  Appendix  G 
should  all  be  accompanied  by  a  reference  to  Appendix  F,  the  reprint  of  this  pamphlet. 

PAGE  83 — title,  opposite  the  words  "Form  A"  should  be  a  reference  to  page  93,  where  there  is  a 
cut  of  this  form. 

PAGE  83 — Foot-note,  third  from  the  last  line,  the  reference  to  Appendix  A  should  be  to  pages 90 and 
91,  making  this  sentence  read  "A  table  of  correction  factors  is  given  on  pages  90  and  91." 

PAGE  86 — Opposite  words  "Form  B"  should  be  a  reference  to  page  94  where  there  is  a  cut  of  this 
form. 


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